Marine fuel oil compositions are provided that exhibit unexpectedly high cetane numbers after addition of a cetane improver. Methods of making such compositions are also provided. The unexpected nature of the marine fuel oil compositions is based in part on the ability to achieve a substantial improvement in estimated cetane number by addition of a cetane improver to a hydrocarbonaceous composition with a natural estimated cetane number of less than 35. These unexpectedly high increases in estimated cetane number for fuels or fuel blending components with low natural estimated cetane numbers can allow for production of fuel compositions with desirable combustion characteristics while also maintaining a higher level of aromatic compounds and/or reducing or minimizing the amount of distillate boiling range components in the fuel or fuel blending component.

A fire starting implement in where the fuel source is an unadulterated piece Red Western Cedar Bark is impregnated with a secondary fuel source that acts as an accelerant. The combination of Red Western Cedar with Paraffin wax or other wax based accelerant creates a fire starter that is easily manipulated by hand or by tool. The final product can be split into smaller pieces or be pulled apart and shredded into finer strands. The fire starting implement created from this combination creates a highly weather resistant and versatile fire starter.

In order to develop a high combustion heat and stable bio-oil for safer transportation. The present invention discloses a low carbon bio-oil, selected from the group consisting of a thermo-chemical oil product, a fatty acid containing bio-oil and a bio-alcohol. The invention also discloses a preparation method of preparing the low carbon bio-oil.

The present application generally relates to the introduction of a renewable fuel oil as a feedstock into refinery systems or field upgrading equipment. For example, the present application is directed to methods of introducing a liquid thermally produced from biomass into a petroleum conversion unit; for example, a refinery fluid catalytic cracker (FCC), a coker, a field upgrader system, a hydrocracker, and/or hydrotreating unit; for co-processing with petroleum fractions, petroleum fraction reactants, and/or petroleum fraction feedstocks and the products, e.g., fuels, and uses and value of the products resulting therefrom.

An improvement of the flow properties of paraffin-containing crude oil, more specifically, a means of favourably influencing the pour point of crude oil and hence improving the flow properties of paraffin-containing crude oil. The crude oil composition is a paraffin-containing crude oil and has an amount of an additive that brings about lowering of the pour point of the crude oil, wherein the additive comprises at least one copolymer composed of at least two comonomers, and wherein all comonomers that make up the copolymer are selected from the groups (a) and (b) of comonomers, and wherein group (a) is comonomers formed from acrylic acid and methacrylic acid, and group (b) is comonomers formed from styrene and a styrene derivative.

A fire-starter device for survival, emergency, or convenience that incorporates a paper cup portion filled with wax with one (1) or more wicks embedded in the hardened wax with tinder material comprising the top layer. The paper cup is designed and built to allow it to hold hot liquid wax without leaking. The wax is paraffin and/or beeswax and/or other blend. The wicks are of jute or similar material. The tinder is made of fatwood shavings or similar combustible.

The invention relates to polymer compositions with improved manageability. The invention also relates to a polymer composition obtainable by radical polymerisation of A) 95-40 wt. % of a monomer mixture comprising Ai) 65-98 wt. % of at least alkyl (meth)acrylate having a linear C.sub.16-C.sub.40 alkyl radical and Aii) 2-35 wt. % of at least one comonomer selected from (meth)acrylates and (meth)acrylamides, which supports an optionally substituted aromatic radical bonded via an alkylene, alkenylene, oxyalkylene or polyoxyalkylene group to the ester group of the (meth)acrylate or to the amide group of the (meth)acrylamide, in the presence of B) 5-60% by weight % of at least one ethylene copolymer. The invention further relates to a method for the preparation and use thereof as flow improvers for paraffin-containing hydrocarbon oils.

The invention relates to a hydrocarbon blend for input to a refinery and comprising a first blend component containing a renewable hydrocarbon component and a second blend component containing petroleum derived hydrocarbon to form at least part of a final hydrocarbon blend for processing in a refinery where the first blend component is characterized by comprising a hydrocarbon substance with at least 70% by weight having a boiling point above 220? C. and by having the characteristics (?.sub.d1, ?.sub.?1, ?.sub.h1)=(17-20, 6-12, 6-12) and; where the second blend component is characterised by having the characteristics (?.sub.{acute over (?)}2, ?.sub.?2, ?.sub.h2)=(17-20, 3-5, 4-7), where the first blend component is present in the final hydrocarbon blend in a relative amount of up to 80 wt %.

Copolymers comprising C.sub.14 to C.sub.50 olefins and at least two different olefindicarboxylic esters and optionally maleic acid or maleic acid derivatives. The olefindicarboxylic esters are firstly esters with linear C.sub.18- to C.sub.50-alkyl groups and secondly esters with short-chain linear, branched or cyclic alkyl groups, or esters with aromatic groups. The invention further relates to a process for preparing copolymers of this kind and to the use thereof as pour point depressant for crude oil, mineral oil and/or mineral oil products, preferably as pour point depressant for crude oil.

The invention relates to an oil-in-water emulsion comprising an oil phase and an aqueous phase, and a primary surfactant, wherein the oil phase is dispersed in the aqueous phase, and wherein the oil-in-water emulsion has: an average droplet size distribution (D[4,3]) in the range of from 3 to 15 m and less than 3 wt % of the droplets have a particle size of greater than 125 m; a viscosity of greater than 100 and up to 700 mPas at 50 C.10% and 20 s.sup.110%; and a static stability of less than 5% residue after centrifugation at 50 C.10% and 2000 g=10% for 30 minutes10%. A process for preparing such an oil-in-water emulsion comprises preparing an aqueous phase comprising a primary surfactant, heating a hydrocarbon-containing oil-phase, and blending the hydrocarbon-containing oil and the aqueous phase under conditions sufficient to form an oil-in-water emulsion. The invention also relates to methods for determining the static and dynamic stability of oil-in-water emulsions. Static stability can be determined by a method comprising the steps of: providing an oil-in-water emulsion; centrifuging the oil-in-water emulsion under predetermined conditions for a predetermined period of time; determining the amount of residue deposited from the oil-in-water emulsion after the predetermined period of time; and determining the oil-in-water emulsion's static stability. A method for determining the dynamic stability of an oil-in-water emulsion comprises the steps of: providing an oil-in-water emulsion; analysing the oil-in-water emulsion at a first time; recirculating the oil-in-water emulsion in a recirculation loop; and analysing the oil-in-water emulsion at second time after recirculation has started; in which the oil-in-water emulsion's dynamic stability is determined based on the analysis at the first and second times.