A composite layer of carbon nanotubes and metal such as copper is formed by electrodeposition. The layer has a thickness of at least 10 m. The carbon nanotubes are distributed through the layer and are present in the layer at a volume fraction of at least 0.001 vol % and at most 65 vol %. The volume fraction is based on the total volume of the metal and carbon nanotubes and not including any pore volume. The carbon nanotubes are substantially uniformly plated with the metal. The composite layer has a density ratio satisfying Player Pmetal 0.35 where player is the bulk density of the composite layer of thickness of at least 10 m, including any voids that are present in the composite layer and pmetal is the volumetric mass density material property of the metal. The composite layer is of use in evaporation-condensation apparatus, as an active material layer in an electrochemical device or in an electroforming process.

A method of producing a complex product includes designing a three dimensional preform of the complex product, creating a three dimensional preform of the complex product using the model, depositing a material on the preform, and removing the preform to complete the complex product. In one embodiment the system provides a complex heat sink that can be used in heat dissipation in power electronics, light emitting diodes, and microchips.

A metal sheet has a longitudinal direction and a width direction. The metal sheet has shapes in the width direction that are taken at different positions in the longitudinal direction of the metal sheet and differ from one another. Each of the shapes is an undulated shape including protrusions and depressions repeating in the width direction of the metal sheet. A length in the width direction of a surface of the metal sheet is a surface distance. A minimum value of surface distances at different positions in the longitudinal direction of the metal sheet is a minimum surface distance. A ratio of a difference between a surface distance and the minimum surface distance to the minimum surface distance is an elongation difference ratio in the width direction. A maximum value of elongation difference ratios is less than or equal to 210.sup.5.

A metal sheet has a longitudinal direction and a width direction. The metal sheet has shapes in the width direction that are taken at different positions in the longitudinal direction of the metal sheet and differ from one another. Each of the shapes is an undulated shape including protrusions and depressions repeating in the width direction of the metal sheet. A length in the width direction of a surface of the metal sheet is a surface distance. A minimum value of surface distances at different positions in the longitudinal direction of the metal sheet is a minimum surface distance. A ratio of a difference between a surface distance and the minimum surface distance to the minimum surface distance is an elongation difference ratio in the width direction. A maximum value of elongation difference ratios is less than or equal to 210.sup.5.

A method of manufacturing an identifiable element, includes: providing or receiving a display layer, which includes an bistable layer, an electrode layer, an conductive transparent layer, and a light-trigger electric change layer, in which the electrode layer and the conductive transparent layer are disposed at opposite sides of the electrophoretic layer, and the light-trigger electric change layer is disposed between the electrophoretic layer and the conductive transparent layer; applying a voltage bias across the electrode layer and the conductive transparent layer; and providing a light illuminating a portion of the light-trigger electric change layer through the conductive transparent layer to change a display status of a region of the bistable layer corresponding to the illuminated portion, whereby forming a display pattern in the display layer. An identifiable element is provided herein as well.

A method of manufacturing an identifiable element, includes: providing or receiving a display layer, which includes an bistable layer, an electrode layer, an conductive transparent layer, and a light-trigger electric change layer, in which the electrode layer and the conductive transparent layer are disposed at opposite sides of the electrophoretic layer, and the light-trigger electric change layer is disposed between the electrophoretic layer and the conductive transparent layer; applying a voltage bias across the electrode layer and the conductive transparent layer; and providing a light illuminating a portion of the light-trigger electric change layer through the conductive transparent layer to change a display status of a region of the bistable layer corresponding to the illuminated portion, whereby forming a display pattern in the display layer. An identifiable element is provided herein as well.

A composite layer of carbon nanotubes and metal such as copper is formed by electrodeposition. The layer has a thickness of at least 10 m. The carbon nanotubes are distributed through the layer and are present in the layer at a volume fraction of at least 0.001 vol % and at most 65 vol %. The volume fraction is based on the total volume of the metal and carbon nanotubes and not including any pore volume. The carbon nanotubes are substantially uniformly plated with the metal. The composite layer has a density ratio satisfying P.sup.layerP.sub.metal0.35 where p.sub.layer is the bulk density of the composite layer of thickness of at least 10 m, including any voids that are present in the composite layer and pmetal is the volumetric mass density material property of the metal. The composite layer is of use in evaporation-condensation apparatus, as an active material layer in an electrochemical device or in an electroforming process.

A composite layer of carbon nanotubes and metal such as copper is formed by electrodeposition. The layer has a thickness of at least 10 m. The carbon nanotubes are distributed through the layer and are present in the layer at a volume fraction of at least 0.001 vol % and at most 65 vol %. The volume fraction is based on the total volume of the metal and carbon nanotubes and not including any pore volume. The carbon nanotubes are substantially uniformly plated with the metal. The composite layer has a density ratio satisfying P.sup.layerP.sub.metal0.35 where p.sub.layer is the bulk density of the composite layer of thickness of at least 10 m, including any voids that are present in the composite layer and pmetal is the volumetric mass density material property of the metal. The composite layer is of use in evaporation-condensation apparatus, as an active material layer in an electrochemical device or in an electroforming process.

A method of producing a complex product includes designing a three dimensional preform of the complex product, creating a three dimensional preform of the complex product using the model, depositing a material on the preform, and removing the preform to complete the complex product. In one embodiment the system provides a complex heat sink that can be used in heat dissipation in power electronics, light emitting diodes, and microchips.

A metal sheet has a longitudinal direction and a width direction. The metal sheet has shapes in the width direction that are taken at different positions in the longitudinal direction of the metal sheet and differ from one another. Each of the shapes is an undulated shape including protrusions and depressions repeating in the width direction of the metal sheet. A length in the width direction of a surface of the metal sheet is a surface distance. A minimum value of surface distances at different positions in the longitudinal direction of the metal sheet is a minimum surface distance. A ratio of a difference between a surface distance and the minimum surface distance to the minimum surface distance is an elongation difference ratio in the width direction. A maximum value of elongation difference ratios is less than or equal to 210.sup.5.