An apparatus for stereo-electrochemical deposition of metal layers consisting of an array of anodes, a cathode, a positioning system, a fluid handling system for an electrolytic solution, communications circuitry, control circuitry and software control. The anodes are electrically operated to promote deposition of metal layers in any combination on the cathode to fabricate a structure.

An apparatus for stereo-electrochemical deposition of metal layers consisting of an array of anodes, a cathode, a positioning system, a fluid handling system for an electrolytic solution, communications circuitry, control circuitry and software control. The anodes are electrically operated to promote deposition of metal layers in any combination on the cathode to fabricate a structure.

An apparatus for stereo-electrochemical deposition of metal layers consisting of an array of anodes, a cathode, a positioning system, a fluid handling system for an electrolytic solution, communications circuitry, control circuitry and software control. The anodes are electrically operated to promote deposition of metal layers in any combination on the cathode to fabricate a structure.

A copper plating solution which contains compounds with the structure XSY where X and Y are, independently of each other, atoms selected from a group consisting of hydrogen, carbon, sulfur, nitrogen, and oxygen, and X and Y can be the same only if they are carbon atoms and aliphatic semialdehydes. By using this copper electroplating solution it is possible to form good filled vias without worsening the appearance of the plating.

Formation of an authentication element by deposition of a metal layer with embedded particles on a metal substrate, wherein the embedded particles are configured to convert energy from one wavelength to another. The embedded particles may be upconverters, downconverters, or phosphorescent phosphors, which can be detected and measured with analytical equipment when deposited in the metal layer. A metal substrate may include coinage.

Formation of an authentication element by deposition of a metal layer with embedded particles on a metal substrate, wherein the embedded particles are configured to convert energy from one wavelength to another. The embedded particles may be upconverters, downconverters, or phosphorescent phosphors, which can be detected and measured with analytical equipment when deposited in the metal layer. A metal substrate may include coinage.

A composition comprising at least one source of metal ions and at least one additive obtainable by reacting a polyhydric alcohol comprising at least 5 hydroxyl functional groups with at least a first alkylene oxide and a second alkylene oxide from a mixture of the first alkylene oxide and the second alkylene oxide or a third alkylene oxide, a second alkylene oxide, and a first alkylene oxide in aforesaid sequence, the third alkylene oxide having a longer alkyl chain than the second alkylene oxide and the second alkylene oxide having a longer alkyl chain than the first alkylene oxide.

Coatings for magnetic materials, such as rare earth magnets, are described. The coatings are designed to reduce or prevent the release of one or both of nickel and cobalt from the coatings or from the underlying magnetic material. The coatings are designed to resist corrosion and release of nickel and cobalt when exposed to moist conditions. The coatings are also designed to be robust enough to withstand damage due to scratch forces. In some embodiments, the coatings include multiple layers of one or of metal and non-metal materials. The coated magnets are well suited for use in the manufacture of wearable consumer products.

The surface of a substrate made of stainless-steel foil is coated with a Sn alloy layer, with a strike layer in between. The coating ratio of the strike layer on the substrate is 2% to 70%.

The surface of a substrate made of stainless-steel foil is coated with a Sn alloy layer, with a strike layer in between. The coating ratio of the strike layer on the substrate is 2% to 70%.