The present invention relates to a composition for production of photosynthetic light-reaction products comprising photosynthetic membrane vesicles, and a production method for the photosynthetic light-reaction products by using the composition. In addition, the present invention relates to a preparation method for a photosynthetic light-reaction monomer comprising a step of isolating vesicles from the cell membrane of photosynthetic bacteria or algae.

Described herein are engineered organelles comprising multi-component proteins from different species incorporated into a membrane structure with interior and exterior aspects. In one embodiment the artificial organelle incorporates one or more protein complexes that absorb optical energy and catalyze electron transfer in biochemical reactions that can be used to reduce NAD.sup.+ to NADH or analogues thereof.

Described herein are engineered organelles comprising multi-component proteins from different species incorporated into a membrane structure with interior and exterior aspects. In one embodiment the artificial organelle incorporates one or more protein complexes that absorb optical energy and catalyze electron transfer in biochemical reactions that can be used to reduce NAD.sup.+ to NADH or analogues thereof.

Polynucleotide synthesis performed with a template independent polymerase such as terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) is regulated by controlling the oxidation state of a metal cofactor. The oxidation state of the metal cofactor is changed to +2, thus activating the polymerase, by applying a voltage with electrodes or by introducing a chemical redox reagent. Addressable polynucleotide synthesis creates polynucleotides with different arbitrary sequences through use of spatial control of cofactor oxidation states to add nucleotides only at selected locations on an array. Control of metal oxidation states is regulated by selective activation of a microelectrode array, controlled addition of redox reagents to specific locations on the array, or controlled activation of photocatalysts at specific locations on the array. Scavengers in solution prevent cofactors distant from the selected locations from catalyzing polymerase activity and thereby maintain the localized effect of polymerase activation.

Polynucleotide synthesis performed with a template independent polymerase such as terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) is regulated by controlling the oxidation state of a metal cofactor. The oxidation state of the metal cofactor is changed to +2, thus activating the polymerase, by applying a voltage with electrodes or by introducing a chemical redox reagent. Addressable polynucleotide synthesis creates polynucleotides with different arbitrary sequences through use of spatial control of cofactor oxidation states to add nucleotides only at selected locations on an array. Control of metal oxidation states is regulated by selective activation of a microelectrode array, controlled addition of redox reagents to specific locations on the array, or controlled activation of photocatalysts at specific locations on the array. Scavengers in solution prevent cofactors distant from the selected locations from catalyzing polymerase activity and thereby maintain the localized effect of polymerase activation.

Polynucleotide synthesis performed with a template independent polymerase such as terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) is regulated by controlling the oxidation state of a metal cofactor. The oxidation state of the metal cofactor is changed to +2, thus activating the polymerase, by applying a voltage with electrodes or by introducing a chemical redox reagent. Addressable polynucleotide synthesis creates polynucleotides with different arbitrary sequences through use of spatial control of cofactor oxidation states to add nucleotides only at selected locations on an array. Control of metal oxidation states is regulated by selective activation of a microelectrode array, controlled addition of redox reagents to specific locations on the array, or controlled activation of photocatalysts at specific locations on the array. Scavengers in solution prevent cofactors distant from the selected locations from catalyzing polymerase activity and thereby maintain the localized effect of polymerase activation.

Polynucleotide synthesis performed with a template independent polymerase such as terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) is regulated by controlling the oxidation state of a metal cofactor. The oxidation state of the metal cofactor is changed to +2, thus activating the polymerase, by applying a voltage with electrodes or by introducing a chemical redox reagent. Addressable polynucleotide synthesis creates polynucleotides with different arbitrary sequences through use of spatial control of cofactor oxidation states to add nucleotides only at selected locations on an array. Control of metal oxidation states is regulated by selective activation of a microelectrode array, controlled addition of redox reagents to specific locations on the array, or controlled activation of photocatalysts at specific locations on the array. Scavengers in solution prevent cofactors distant from the selected locations from catalyzing polymerase activity and thereby maintain the localized effect of polymerase activation.

Described herein is a method of producing a reduced labelled cofactor comprising one or more .sup.xH atom, wherein x is 2 or 3. Described herein is also a method of producing a reduced labelled reaction product comprising one or more .sup.xH atom, wherein x is 2 or 3, wherein the method comprises producing a reduced labelled cofactor according to the invention. Described herein are also systems for performing such methods.

Described herein is a method of producing a reduced labelled cofactor comprising one or more .sup.xH atom, wherein x is 2 or 3. Described herein is also a method of producing a reduced labelled reaction product comprising one or more .sup.xH atom, wherein x is 2 or 3, wherein the method comprises producing a reduced labelled cofactor according to the invention. Described herein are also systems for performing such methods.

The present disclosure provides a method of producing cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs) on a commercial scale. Also provided are pharmaceutical compositions comprising a purified CDN preparation and use thereof to stimulate the immune system in a subject.