A solution containing an ionic liquid, a polymer compound including at least one of a hydrolyzable polymer compound and a thermally-decomposable polymer compound, and a laminate of layered substances is irradiated with at least one of sonic waves and radio waves. Alternatively, a solution containing an ionic liquid, a polymer compound including at least one of a hydrolyzable polymer compound and a thermally-decomposable polymer compound, and a laminate of layered substances is heated.

Provided is a rubber composition for a tire soft stiffener improved in a crack resistance and a low heat generation, wherein carbon black (A) contained in the rubber shows specific particle size distribution behavior in an aggregate mass distribution curve, and the composition contains at least one compound selected from carbon black coupling agents consisting of bismaleimide (B), alkylidene hydrazide (C), disulfane (D) and carboxylic hydrazide (E), and a heavy-duty tire produced by using the above rubber composition is further provide.

Provided is a rubber composition for a tire soft stiffener improved in a crack resistance and a low heat generation, wherein carbon black (A) contained in the rubber shows specific particle size distribution behavior in an aggregate mass distribution curve, and the composition contains at least one compound selected from carbon black coupling agents consisting of bismaleimide (B), alkylidene hydrazide (C), disulfane (D) and carboxylic hydrazide (E), and a heavy-duty tire produced by using the above rubber composition is further provide.

Provided are a white heat-curable epoxy resin composition having a high strength, high toughness and superior heat resistance; and a semiconductor device whose light receiving and other semiconductor elements are encapsulated by a cured product of such composition. The composition includes: (A) a prepolymer obtained by heating, melting and mixing components (A-1) triazine derivative epoxy resin, (A-2) acid anhydride and (A-3) acrylic block copolymer so as to react them at an epoxy group equivalent in the component (A-1)/acid anhydride group equivalent of the component (A-2) ratio of 0.6 to 2.0; (B) a white pigment including at least a titanium oxide; (C) an inorganic filler; (D) a curing accelerator; and (E) an antioxidant.

Provided is an aromatic polycarbonate resin composition that exhibits an excellent surface hardness and strength as well as an excellent designability and lightfastness. The aromatic polycarbonate resin composition contains a carbonate structural unit (X) derived from an aromatic dihydroxy compound represented by a prescribed formula (1) and a carbonate structural unit (Y) derived from an aromatic dihydroxy compound represented by a prescribed formula (2) in a proportion of (X)/(Y)=10/90 to 40/60 as a molar ratio, wherein an amount of a cresolic hydroxy group derived from the aromatic dihydroxy compound represented by formula (1) is 60 to 160 ppm.

Provided is an aromatic polycarbonate resin composition that exhibits an excellent surface hardness and strength as well as an excellent designability and lightfastness. The aromatic polycarbonate resin composition contains a carbonate structural unit (X) derived from an aromatic dihydroxy compound represented by a prescribed formula (1) and a carbonate structural unit (Y) derived from an aromatic dihydroxy compound represented by a prescribed formula (2) in a proportion of (X)/(Y)=10/90 to 40/60 as a molar ratio, wherein an amount of a cresolic hydroxy group derived from the aromatic dihydroxy compound represented by formula (1) is 60 to 160 ppm.

The powder adhesive comprises a thermoplastic resin and particles of an aromatic compound, wherein the particles of an aromatic compound are particles of a compound that has an aromatic ring and an azo bond bonded to the aromatic ring, or are particles of a compound comprising a heteroaromatic ring comprising nitrogen atom; the thermoplastic resin comprises an ester group; and, designating Es (mmol/g) as an ester group concentration in the thermoplastic resin, M (mass %) as a content of the aromatic compound particles in the powder adhesive, and N (mmol/g) as a nitrogen atom concentration in the aromatic compound particles, Es is from 1.0 mmol/g to 4.5 mmol/g, M is from 1.010.sup.4 mass % to 1.010.sup.0 mass %, and N is from 5.0 mmol/g to 15.0 mmol/g.

The powder adhesive comprises a thermoplastic resin and particles of an aromatic compound, wherein the particles of an aromatic compound are particles of a compound that has an aromatic ring and an azo bond bonded to the aromatic ring, or are particles of a compound comprising a heteroaromatic ring comprising nitrogen atom; the thermoplastic resin comprises an ester group; and, designating Es (mmol/g) as an ester group concentration in the thermoplastic resin, M (mass %) as a content of the aromatic compound particles in the powder adhesive, and N (mmol/g) as a nitrogen atom concentration in the aromatic compound particles, Es is from 1.0 mmol/g to 4.5 mmol/g, M is from 1.010.sup.4 mass % to 1.010.sup.0 mass %, and N is from 5.0 mmol/g to 15.0 mmol/g.

In order to address the problems of conventional photochromic compounds, which are the insufficient coloring/discoloring speed and durability exhibited thereby and the large number of production steps, the present invention provides a photochromic compound that exhibits a high speed coloring/discoloring reaction and high durability while it is able to be synthesized in low cost, and that has industrial applicability. The compound of the present invention is characterized by the insertion of a diarylimidazolyl radical into the ortho position of an aryl group. The compound exhibits photochromic properties, and achieves a photochromic compound having both a high speed color switching reaction and high durability. Furthermore low cost synthesis is possible, and the photochromic compound has industrial applicability.

In order to address the problems of conventional photochromic compounds, which are the insufficient coloring/discoloring speed and durability exhibited thereby and the large number of production steps, the present invention provides a photochromic compound that exhibits a high speed coloring/discoloring reaction and high durability while it is able to be synthesized in low cost, and that has industrial applicability. The compound of the present invention is characterized by the insertion of a diarylimidazolyl radical into the ortho position of an aryl group. The compound exhibits photochromic properties, and achieves a photochromic compound having both a high speed color switching reaction and high durability. Furthermore low cost synthesis is possible, and the photochromic compound has industrial applicability.