A numerical simulation tool for progressive failure in laminates utilizes a low fidelity approach. The numerical model includes an enriched element that is initially in a low fidelity form. The enriched elements may increase fidelity by splitting locally to simulate an ongoing damage process such as delamination.

A numerical simulation tool for progressive failure in laminates utilizes a low fidelity approach. The numerical model includes an enriched element that is initially in a low fidelity form. The enriched elements may increase fidelity by splitting locally to simulate an ongoing damage process such as delamination.

A rectification device and a method of using the device for rectification of a surface defect including mounting an positioning the rectification device at least one of adjacent or covering a defect;, identifying the defect, acquiring, a multi dimensional topological grid profile of the defect, calculating a fill volume and distribution sequence, including but not limited to, material transfer order, deposit layer thickness, that will achieve surface continuity with the region around the defect, and filling the defect with a suitable filler using at least one precision guided filling head in one or more filling passes following the calculate fill sequence until surface continuity is achieved.

A rectification device and a method of using the device for rectification of a surface defect including mounting an positioning the rectification device at least one of adjacent or covering a defect;, identifying the defect, acquiring, a multi dimensional topological grid profile of the defect, calculating a fill volume and distribution sequence, including but not limited to, material transfer order, deposit layer thickness, that will achieve surface continuity with the region around the defect, and filling the defect with a suitable filler using at least one precision guided filling head in one or more filling passes following the calculate fill sequence until surface continuity is achieved.

A substrate analysis method using a nozzle for substrate analysis which discharges an analysis liquid from a tip thereof, scans a substrate surface with a discharged analysis liquid, and sucks the analysis liquid. This is done by arranging a liquid catch plate that catches the discharged analysis liquid, thus retaining analysis liquid discharged between the nozzle tip and the liquid catch plate; positioning the substrate so that the end part thereof can be inserted between the nozzle tip and the liquid catch plate; bringing the end part of the substrate into contact with analysis liquid retained between the nozzle tip and liquid catch plate; and moving the nozzle and liquid catch plate concurrently along a periphery of the substrate, while keeping the end part of the substrate in contact with the analysis liquid, to analyze the end part of the substrate.

A substrate analysis method using a nozzle for substrate analysis which discharges an analysis liquid from a tip thereof, scans a substrate surface with a discharged analysis liquid, and sucks the analysis liquid. This is done by arranging a liquid catch plate that catches the discharged analysis liquid, thus retaining analysis liquid discharged between the nozzle tip and the liquid catch plate; positioning the substrate so that the end part thereof can be inserted between the nozzle tip and the liquid catch plate; bringing the end part of the substrate into contact with analysis liquid retained between the nozzle tip and liquid catch plate; and moving the nozzle and liquid catch plate concurrently along a periphery of the substrate, while keeping the end part of the substrate in contact with the analysis liquid, to analyze the end part of the substrate.

A method for determining a quality of a friction stir welded seam is described. The method involves applying an impact to a welded plate and comparing its damping capacity with the damping capacity of a geometrically equivalent defect-free plate. Damping capacities that differ by a small percent difference indicate that the welded plate is also defect-free. This method is particularly advantageous when dealing with small defects, which produce miniscule changes in natural frequency which may not be measureable.

A method for determining a quality of a friction stir welded seam is described. The method involves applying an impact to a welded plate and comparing its damping capacity with the damping capacity of a geometrically equivalent defect-free plate. Damping capacities that differ by a small percent difference indicate that the welded plate is also defect-free. This method is particularly advantageous when dealing with small defects, which produce miniscule changes in natural frequency which may not be measureable.

The invention discloses a method for detecting service performance of a tunnel lining based on defect characteristics of the tunnel lining. A tunnel, an external load and stratum conditions are simulated by establishing a model using a model test method. A structural stress failure test for the model is carried out, and test results of the defect characteristics of a simulation lining of the model are recorded. A corresponding relationship between the defect characteristics of the simulation lining and the remaining bearing capacity interval is established according to the recorded test results. Detection results of defect characteristics of the tunnel lining are recorded using an in-situ detection method, and a remaining bearing capacity interval of the tunnel lining is determined based on the detection results according to the corresponding relationship between the defect characteristics of the simulation lining and the remaining bearing capacity interval of the model.

The invention discloses a method for detecting service performance of a tunnel lining based on defect characteristics of the tunnel lining. A tunnel, an external load and stratum conditions are simulated by establishing a model using a model test method. A structural stress failure test for the model is carried out, and test results of the defect characteristics of a simulation lining of the model are recorded. A corresponding relationship between the defect characteristics of the simulation lining and the remaining bearing capacity interval is established according to the recorded test results. Detection results of defect characteristics of the tunnel lining are recorded using an in-situ detection method, and a remaining bearing capacity interval of the tunnel lining is determined based on the detection results according to the corresponding relationship between the defect characteristics of the simulation lining and the remaining bearing capacity interval of the model.