This document relates to methods and materials for assessing radiation exposure. For example, methods and materials that can be used to determine whether a mammal (e.g., a human) has been exposed to radiation and/or whether a mammal (e.g., a human) is at risk of developing one or more radiation injuries (e.g., cutaneous radiation injury (CRI) and/or acute radiation syndrome (ARS)) following radiation exposure (e.g., radiation therapy) are provided.

Disclosed herein are methods that aid in the determination of whether to perform imaging, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MM) or computerized tomography (CT) scan, on a human subject that has sustained or may have sustained an injury to the head using an early biomarker, such as ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCH-L1), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), or a combination thereof. These methods involve detecting levels and changes in levels of UCH-L1 in samples taken from a human subject at time points within 24 hours after the subject has sustained or may have sustained an injury to the head.

The present disclosure provides methods of identifying patients who have partial or total resistance to HIF-2 inhibitors or who develop partial or total resistance to HIF-2 inhibitors after treatment and providing suitable treatment to these patients.

Methods for medical diagnosis of heat-related health conditions including heatstroke, compositions comprising RNA or protein biomarkers for heatstroke and heat-associated conditions, probes and primers and antibodies to such biomarkers.

Method and systems are described comprising receiving a plurality of human subject biomarker concentration values associated with a human subject, wherein the plurality of human subject biomarkers is associated with a condition, determining, based on the plurality of human subject biomarker concentration values, a human subject test statistic, comparing the human subject test statistic to a test statistic threshold, wherein the test statistic threshold is derived based on non-human primate (NHP) subject data, and, determining, based on the human subject test statistic exceeding the test statistic threshold, that the human subject has the condition.

Disclosed herein are methods that aid in the determination of whether to perform imaging, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computerized tomography (CT) scan, on a human subject that has sustained or may have sustained an injury to the head using an early biomarker, such as ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCH-L1), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), or a combination thereof. These methods involve detecting levels and changes in levels of UCH-L1 in samples taken from a human subject at time points within 24 hours after the subject has sustained or may have sustained an injury to the head.

The disclosure provides methods of detecting and monitoring brain injury in a test subject comprising analyzing a blood sample from the test subject for increased levels of PrP.sup.C. The disclosure also provides kits for measuring the amount of PrP.sup.C in a blood sample.

In accordance with some embodiments herein, methods of determining signatures of HMGB1 isoforms in a subject are provided. In some embodiments, antibodies that bind specifically to HMGB1 isoforms are provided. In some embodiments, immunoassay kits are provided.

A system (30) and method for detecting or predicting toxicity induced by radiation therapy. A device (34) is configured for determining polypeptide biomarkers present in a urine sample. At least one processor (36) is programmed to detect or predict radiation toxicity based on one or more polypeptide biomarkers determined to be in the urine sample.

Disclosed is an apparatus and method of monitoring a VR (Virtual Reality) sickness prediction model for virtual reality content. A method of monitoring a VR sickness prediction model according to the present disclosure includes: displaying the virtual reality content on a display unit; acquiring an user input; analyzing the virtual reality content on a basis of the acquired user input; and displaying an analysis result for the virtual reality content on the display unit.