Disclosed herein is an apparatus (100) for making a stereolithographic object (122). Also disclosed herein are methods for making a stereolithographic object (122), a method for locating the position of debris, a method for characterising the viscosity of the material (104), and a method for monitoring consumption of a material (104) for making a stereolithographic object (122).

An in-mold solidified shell thickness estimation apparatus includes: an input device; a model database configured to store a model formula and a parameter related to a solidification reaction of a molten steel inside a mold of a continuous casting facility; and a heat transfer model calculator configured to estimate an in-mold solidified shell thickness by calculating temperature distributions of the mold and of the molten steel inside the mold by solving a three-dimensional unsteady heat transfer equation. The heat transfer model calculator is configured to correct errors in a temperature of a mold copper plate and in an amount of heat removed from the mold, by correcting an overall heat transfer coefficient between the mold copper plate and the solidified shell.

An estimation device includes a controller that: obtains first-type temperature data for a position corresponding to an outside of a first-type position of a pipe in which a fluid flows; obtains second-type temperature data for a position corresponding to an outside of a second-type position of the pipe at which condition related to heat transfer is different than condition at the first-type position; based on the first-type temperature data and the second-type temperature data, calculates thermal resistance of a deposit formed on an inner surface of the pipe, and estimates a thickness of the deposit.

An estimation device includes a controller that: acquires a first pipe surface temperature and a second pipe surface temperature, wherein the first pipe surface temperature is an outer surface temperature of a pipe at a precipitate generation position at which a precipitate is adhered to an inner surface of the pipe through which a fluid flows, and the second pipe surface temperature is the outer surface temperature of the pipe at a reference position different from the precipitate generation position; calculates an in-pipe fluid temperature that is a temperature of the fluid at the precipitate generation position based on the second pipe surface temperature; and estimates a thickness of the precipitate based on the in-pipe fluid temperature and the first pipe surface temperature.

In an example, a method may include determining a range of motion of a pick arm during lifting of the pick arm from a media stack position to a hard stop position in an image forming apparatus. The pick arm may have a pick roller at one end for picking a media sheet from a media stack and pivotally mounted at an opposite end to enable angular movement of the pick arm relative to the media stack. Further, the method may include estimating a height of the media stack based on the determined range of motion of the pick arm from the media stack position to the hard stop position. Furthermore, the method may include indicating an amount of media sheets remaining in the media stack corresponding to the estimated height.

In an example, a method may include determining a range of motion of a pick arm during lifting of the pick arm from a media stack position to a hard stop position in an image forming apparatus. The pick arm may have a pick roller at one end for picking a media sheet from a media stack and pivotally mounted at an opposite end to enable angular movement of the pick arm relative to the media stack. Further, the method may include estimating a height of the media stack based on the determined range of motion of the pick arm from the media stack position to the hard stop position. Furthermore, the method may include indicating an amount of media sheets remaining in the media stack corresponding to the estimated height.

A thickness detection device for sheet-type medium includes a fixing frame, a reference shaft and a detection assembly shaft. A reference roller is fixedly sleeved on the reference shaft. At least one detection roller is provided on the detection assembly shaft, and the detection roller is in an elastic contact with the reference roller. The detection roller is sleeved on the detection assembly shaft by a bracket, the bracket has an elongated hole through which the bracket is sleeved on the detection assembly shaft, an elastic element is provided between an end of the elongated hole and the detection assembly shaft, and the elastic element enables the detection assembly shaft to elastically maintain a certain distance from the end of the elongated hole. Thus, thickness signal obtained is not interfered by banknote displacements in other directions, and thickness detection of the full banknote can be achieved.

A thickness detection device for sheet-type medium includes a fixing frame, a reference shaft and a detection assembly shaft. A reference roller is fixedly sleeved on the reference shaft. At least one detection roller is provided on the detection assembly shaft, and the detection roller is in an elastic contact with the reference roller. The detection roller is sleeved on the detection assembly shaft by a bracket, the bracket has an elongated hole through which the bracket is sleeved on the detection assembly shaft, an elastic element is provided between an end of the elongated hole and the detection assembly shaft, and the elastic element enables the detection assembly shaft to elastically maintain a certain distance from the end of the elongated hole. Thus, thickness signal obtained is not interfered by banknote displacements in other directions, and thickness detection of the full banknote can be achieved.

A method for producing at least one hollow valve for gas exchange may include introducing a bore into a valve shaft and into a valve head to form the at least one hollow valve, measuring a depth of the bore, washing the at least one hollow valve at least once, providing the at least one hollow valve in a retaining device, orienting the retaining device together with the at least one hollow valve with respect to an associated electrode, moving the associated electrode in relation to the at least one hollow valve, inserting the associated electrode into the bore of the at least one hollow valve, enlarging the bore in a region of the valve head by electromechanical machining processes, removing the associated electrode from the at least one hollow valve, rinsing and/or preserving the at least one hollow valve, and measuring a wall thickness of a valve bottom.

The invention relates to a method for determining material dimensions of a longitudinal profiled section (2) during a sawing process, in which a saw blade (3) is advanced, the longitudinal profiled section (2) being machined by said saw blade (3) along a saw groove during this time; advancement position data of said saw blade (3) along the advancement path (s) being determined and, during this sawing operation, additional measurement data being determined from the group of sawing force (F.sub.s) or another variable which corresponds to the sawing force (F.sub.s). The invention is characterised in that an actual profile is determined from the advancement position data and said additional measurement data.