A multi-well assay plate is provided. The multi-well assay plate includes at least a top plate that defines a plurality of wells and a base plate having a substrate with well electrode structures patterned thereon. The well electrode structures are arranged in a plurality of sector electrical structures, each including a working electrode bus bar and a portion of an auxiliary electrode pattern. The substrate further includes at least one working electrode contact patterned on a bottom surface and an auxiliary electrode contact pattern disposed on the bottom surface.

Electrochemical analysis method and system for monitoring and controlling the quality of electrochemical deposition and/or plating processes. The method uses a fingerprinting analysis method of an output signal to indicate whether the chemistry and/or process is operating in the normally expected range and utilizes one or more substrates as working electrode(s) and a) whereby the potential between the one or more working electrodes and one or more reference electrodes is analyzed to provide an output signal fingerprint which is represented as potential difference as a function of time or b) the input power of a process power supply to provide input energy in the form of current and/or potential between the working electrode(s) and a counter-electrode whereby the method utilizes the potential between the one or more working electrode(s) and at least one of: one or more reference electrodes; or one or more counter-electrodes; to provide an output signal fingerprint.

There is provided a separation analysis method for analyzing a sample component s included in a sample liquid by introducing the sample liquid into a separation flow path filled with a flow path liquid, the method comprising: obtaining a correction factor representing a proportion of a time period from the first point in time when the sample liquid is introduced into the separation flow path, to the second point in time when an interface between the flow path liquid and the sample liquid reaches a predetermined position at the separation flow path, with respect to a time period from the first point in time to the third point in time when an optical characteristic value of the sample component is measured at the predetermined position, and correcting the measured optical characteristic value with the correction factor.

A microfabricated electrochemical gas sensor is disclosed. The sensor includes electrodes produced from conductor layers, a capping layer, microcavities through the conductor layers and the capping layer, a cavity connecting the microcavities, and an electrolyte filling in the space created by the cavity and the microcavities in the substrate. The microcavities allow gases to pass through but retain the electrolyte through surface tension.

Disclosed is an assay for determining resistance in a target cell or tissue to a therapy associated with cellular stress using chemical microscopy and high-throughput single cell analysis to determine functional metabolic alteration, including determining metabolic reprogramming in a target cell or tissue to a therapy associated with cellular stress, and methods of using the assays.

Disclosed is an assay for determining resistance in a target cell or tissue to a therapy associated with cellular stress using chemical microscopy and high-throughput single cell analysis to determine functional metabolic alteration, including determining metabolic reprogramming in a target cell or tissue to a therapy associated with cellular stress, and methods of using the assays.

According to at least one aspect of the present disclosure, a method includes applying an alternating current having a frequency at a selected voltage to a sensor, wherein the voltage is applied between a reference electrode and a working electrode of the sensor, varying the frequency of the alternating current between a lower frequency and an upper frequency, measuring an impedance of the sensor between the reference electrode and the working electrode as a function of the frequency of the alternating current, analyzing the measured impedance to determine a total impedance of the sensor and the real and imaginary components of the total impedance at each applied frequency of the alternating current, and characterizing the sensor based on the total impedance at the low frequency end of the sensor and on the real and imaginary components of the total impedances.

A low-cost, portable potentiostat capable of performing several different electrochemical experiments (e.g. cyclic voltammetry and anodic stripping voltammetry) was designed. The potentiostat runs on one or more batteries and has a battery life of over two weeks. Further, the potentiostat of the present invention is capable of self-calibrating and has a linear dynamic range spanning several orders of magnitude. It is also capable of saving data onto an onboard data storage card and is able to export the data to a computer for additional analysis. The potentiostat requires no peripheral hardware and is suitable for use by those with even minimal training in electrochemistry.

Provided is an electrical circuit for electrochemical measurement of a solution, said electrical circuit comprising: a voltage generation circuit; an operational amplifier that has an output (OUT), a non-inverting input (+IN), and an inverting input (−IN), wherein the output (OUT) is connected to a counter electrode (CE) in contact with the solution, the inverting input (−IN) is connected to a reference electrode (RE) in contact with the solution, and the non-inverting input (+IN) is connected to the voltage generation circuit; a capacitor that is connected between the output (OUT) and inverting input (−IN) and has a capacitance of 1 μF or greater; and a current measurement circuit that is connected to a working electrode (WE) in contact with the solution.

Various apparatus, systems, and methods for measuring a solution characteristic of a sample comprising microorganisms are disclosed. In one embodiment, a sensor apparatus is disclosed comprising a sample container comprising a sample chamber configured to receive the sample and a reference sensor component comprising a reference conduit having a reference conduit cavity defined therein. The reference conduit cavity can be at least partially filled with a reference buffer gel, buffer solution, or wicking component. A segment of the reference conduit can extend into the sample chamber. A reference electrode material can be positioned at a proximal end of the wicking component or extend partially into the reference conduit cavity. The sensor apparatus can also comprise an active sensor component having an active electrode in fluid contact with the sample. The sample in the sample chamber can be aerated through an aeration port defined along a surface of the sample container.