A cumulative distribution function of fracture time is calculated from large quantities of hydrogen embrittlement fracture test data measured under test conditions that assume reinforcing bars in prestressed concrete, transition probability is calculated from the cumulative distribution function of fracture time with a hydrogen embrittlement fracture being regarded as a stochastic process through which a degraded state progressively reaches a fractured state, and the time integral of the transition probability is found as the degree of progress of hydrogen embrittlement.

A cumulative distribution function of fracture time is calculated from large quantities of hydrogen embrittlement fracture test data measured under test conditions that assume reinforcing bars in prestressed concrete, transition probability is calculated from the cumulative distribution function of fracture time with a hydrogen embrittlement fracture being regarded as a stochastic process through which a degraded state progressively reaches a fractured state, and the time integral of the transition probability is found as the degree of progress of hydrogen embrittlement.

Assessing material strength for additive manufacturing is provided. The method comprises calibrating a baseline electrical resistivity of a multi-phase additive material for a set dislocation density as a function of phase fraction and phase composition, wherein individual phases of the material have different electrical resistivity values. After the additive material has undergone a number of heating and cooling cycles during additive manufacturing the additive material is characterized for phase fraction, phase composition, and electrical resistivity. Dislocation density of the additive material is then determined according to electrical resistivity after additive manufacturing, accounting for effects of phase fraction and phase composition determined by characterization.

A device of detecting magnetic characteristic change for a long material includes: an exciting coil into which the long material is inserted and which magnetizes the long material in a longitudinal direction; a detecting coil into which the long material is inserted and which detects a magnetic flux generated in the long material due to magnetization by the exciting coil; and a yoke member which has a first opening portion which is positioned on one side of the long material in the longitudinal direction and into which the long material is inserted and a second opening portion which is positioned on the other side of the long material in the longitudinal direction and into which the long material is inserted, and has a shape which is substantially axially symmetrical about an axis passing the first opening portion and the second opening portion, and the exciting coil and the detecting coil are surrounded by the yoke member, the first opening portion, and the second opening portion.

A device of detecting magnetic characteristic change for a long material includes: an exciting coil into which the long material is inserted and which magnetizes the long material in a longitudinal direction; a detecting coil into which the long material is inserted and which detects a magnetic flux generated in the long material due to magnetization by the exciting coil; and a yoke member which has a first opening portion which is positioned on one side of the long material in the longitudinal direction and into which the long material is inserted and a second opening portion which is positioned on the other side of the long material in the longitudinal direction and into which the long material is inserted, and has a shape which is substantially axially symmetrical about an axis passing the first opening portion and the second opening portion, and the exciting coil and the detecting coil are surrounded by the yoke member, the first opening portion, and the second opening portion.

A method of predicting a mechanical property of a material subjected to a transformation process is disclosed including a modelling step, wherein a microstructural model of the material is created, a simulation step, wherein the microstructural model of the material is virtually subjected to a transformation process (such as a heat treatment process), a generation step, wherein at least one micro-scale model configured for predicting at least one mechanical property of the material is generated, and a virtual mechanical characterisation, wherein at least one mechanical property of the material is predicted. Advantageously, by implementing this method it has been found that lead times incurred when developing new material transformation processes can be reduced.

A method of predicting a mechanical property of a material subjected to a transformation process is disclosed including a modelling step, wherein a microstructural model of the material is created, a simulation step, wherein the microstructural model of the material is virtually subjected to a transformation process (such as a heat treatment process), a generation step, wherein at least one micro-scale model configured for predicting at least one mechanical property of the material is generated, and a virtual mechanical characterisation, wherein at least one mechanical property of the material is predicted. Advantageously, by implementing this method it has been found that lead times incurred when developing new material transformation processes can be reduced.

An ultrasonic sensor for guided wave testing is disclosed. The sensor comprises a flexible circuit board (2), an array of piezoelectric elements (10) on the flexible circuit board and an array of permanent magnets (16). Each piezoelectric element is interposed between a respective permanent magnet and the flexible circuit board.

An internal oxidation starting temperature, estimation device estimates an internal oxidation starting temperature which is a minimum temperature required for an internal oxide layer to grow on a surface of an easily oxidizable element-containing hot-rolled steel sheet including Si, Mn, or Al or any combination thereof. The internal oxidation starting temperature estimation device includes an internal, oxidation starting temperature estimation unit that estimates the internal oxidation starting temperature on the basis of concentrations of the Si, the Mn, and the Al included in the easily oxidizable element-containing hot-rolled steel sheet.

A scanning electron microscope includes a spin detector configured to measure spin polarization of a secondary electron emitted from a sample, and an analysis device configured to analyze measurement data of the spin detector. The analysis device determines a width of a region where the secondary electron spin polarization locally changes in the measurement data. The analysis device further evaluates a strain in the sample based on the width of the region. With a configuration of the scanning electron microscope, it is possible to perform analysis of a strain in a magnetic material with high accuracy.