Disclosed herein are methods for treating subjects having ADHD identifiable by levels of 3-IS in blood.

Contemplated test kits, diagnostic apparatus and methods using same for food sensitivity are based on rational-based selection of food preparations with established discriminatory p-value. Kits and diagnostic apparatus include those with a minimum number of food preparations that have an average discriminatory p-value of 0.07 as determined by their raw p-value or an average discriminatory p-value of 0.10 as determined by FDR multiplicity adjusted p-value. In further contemplated aspects, compositions and methods for food sensitivity are also stratified by gender to further enhance predictive value.

The present invention concerns machine learning based methods and systems for diagnosing and treating genetic diseases characterized by mitochondrial dysfunctions. A library of reference learning models is developed based on in vitro reference samples obtained from cell-cultures exposed to specific mitochondrial inhibitors. Each model is able to predict a specific labeled mitochondrial dysfunction induced in the cell-culture by the inhibitor/stressor. The reference models are then applied to target samples drawn in vivo from target subjects who are known to have specific genetic mitochondrial diseases. A mapping is developed between mitochondrial dysfunctions predicted in the subjects and their known mitochondrial diseases. This mapping and the reference models are then applied to a clinical sample of an undiagnosed patient in whom a diagnosis of a mitochondrial dysfunction and an associated mitochondrial disease is made. If there is a known rescuer for the mitochondrial dysfunction, it may be recommended in a personalized, targeted therapy.

The present disclosure provides a basal ganglia-on-a-chip for screening therapeutic agents for brain and nervous system diseases and a method for fabricating the same. The present invention provides a method for screening therapeutic agents for dopamine-dependent brain and nervous system diseases by using a basal ganglia-on-a-chip. When the basal ganglia-on-a-chip of the present invention is used in the effect evaluation of therapeutic agents for brain and nervous system diseases, the effect evaluation of therapeutic candidate substances can be economically and promptly carried out compared with an existing technique.

The present disclosure provides a basal ganglia-on-a-chip for screening therapeutic agents for brain and nervous system diseases and a method for fabricating the same. The present invention provides a method for screening therapeutic agents for dopamine-dependent brain and nervous system diseases by using a basal ganglia-on-a-chip. When the basal ganglia-on-a-chip of the present invention is used in the effect evaluation of therapeutic agents for brain and nervous system diseases, the effect evaluation of therapeutic candidate substances can be economically and promptly carried out compared with an existing technique.

Methods for selecting a medication for a patient are described that include determining the patient's genotype for a panel of genes, identifying a phenotype associated with the genotype for each gene, and selecting the medication based on the phenotype.

The present invention provides methods to modulate key elements along the DAG signaling pathway as well as a diagnostic assay, device and methods of using the same to diagnose bipolar disorder (BD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Methods to identify diagnostic markers and drug targets for BD and ADHD. Methods of identifying effective compounds responsible for membrane potentials and excitabilities influencing bipolar disorder (BD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Methods of identifying an effective compound that modulates the activity of Ca.sup.2+/CaM enzyme and compounds involved in changing the K.sup.+ gradient across the plasma membrane thereby increasing or decreasing the membrane potential ratio (MPR) values. The invention provides methods of identifying a compound that modulates the activity of PKC which is an important protein of the DAG signaling pathway. Methods of identifying a compound that modulates DAG and its related enzymes along the DAG signaling pathway are provided. These compounds decrease or increase the membrane potential ratio (MPR) in BD and ADHD patients.

The present invention provides methods to modulate key elements along the DAG signaling pathway as well as a diagnostic assay, device and methods of using the same to diagnose bipolar disorder (BD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Methods to identify diagnostic markers and drug targets for BD and ADHD. Methods of identifying effective compounds responsible for membrane potentials and excitabilities influencing bipolar disorder (BD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Methods of identifying an effective compound that modulates the activity of Ca.sup.2+/CaM enzyme and compounds involved in changing the K.sup.+ gradient across the plasma membrane thereby increasing or decreasing the membrane potential ratio (MPR) values. The invention provides methods of identifying a compound that modulates the activity of PKC which is an important protein of the DAG signaling pathway. Methods of identifying a compound that modulates DAG and its related enzymes along the DAG signaling pathway are provided. These compounds decrease or increase the membrane potential ratio (MPR) in BD and ADHD patients.

An object of the present invention is to provide a method for identifying a physiologically active protein translated from an ORF other than mORF present on mRNA.

The object can be solved by a method for identifying a physiologically active protein, wherein an ORF which encodes a protein having a physiological activity, other than a main open reading frame (ORF) is identified in eukaryotic mRNA, comprising the steps of: (1) introducing an expression vector incorporating a candidate ORF to cells, and culturing the introduced cells, (2) detecting a protein bound to a candidate protein by immunoprecipitating the candidate protein translated from the candidate ORF, from the cultured cells, (3) determining a candidate protein in which another protein bound to the candidate protein is detected as a physiologically active protein.

The present invention provides a marker for ADHD and applications thereof. The marker is ghrelin, and the marker can screen for potential ADHD patients by detecting the marker in peripheral blood or cerebrospinal fluid. Further, the present invention provides a new drug for the treatment of ADHD, providing the possibility and hope of new treatment for ADHD patients.