An output module for an industrial controller provides electrical isolation between each of the output terminals in the module. The output module receives control signals from the industrial controller indicating a desired output state for each of the output terminals and selectively connects power from the output of the electrical isolation to the output terminal. During normal operation, a switching device connects the power to the output terminal responsive to the control signal. A current sensor monitors the current conducted at the output terminal. If the current exceeds a predefined threshold, a current limit circuit clamps the current being output at the terminal. A control circuit may allow the output terminal to ride through a temporary spike in current or disable the output terminal if a fault condition is detected.

In order to classify a current waveform of current estimated to be supplied to the same electric instrument, even when an operation mode of an operating electric instrument is unknown, a classification computer includes: a first classification unit to perform first classification of each piece of set information by information being included in each piece of the set information being a combination of waveform information and on/off information, and representing a similarity degree of the waveform information; a second classification unit to perform second classification of each piece of the set information by information being included in each piece of the set information and representing a similarity degree of the on/off information; and a third classification unit to classify the set information by a classification result related to the first classification and the second classification.

In the field of fault location within a power transmission network, a method of determining a fault location in a power transmission conduit includes: (a) sampling at an original sampling frequency a signal propagating through the power transmission conduit to establish a first data set including a plurality of sampled signal characteristics; (b) interpolating the first data set to establish a second data set including an increased number of signal characteristics whereby the second data set has an equivalent sampling frequency higher than the original sampling frequency; (c) identifying a fault wave signal within the second data set; and (d) utilising the propagation characteristics of the fault wave signal to determine the origin of the fault wave signal within the power transmission conduit.

An apparatus is provided which substantially removes a perturbation signal from a pulse density modulated signal representing a combination of a signal to be measured and a perturbation applied to the signal to be measured. The removal of the perturbation is done by subtracting a correcting signal from the pulse density modulated signal. This approach introduces very little delay as it can be implemented by simple logic gates. It also provided enhanced immunity from the effects of bit errors.

Provided an apparatus that receives time series data from a data storage unit storing time series of sample data or feature values calculated from the sample data, computes a measure indicating change and repetition characteristics of the time series data, based on sample value distribution thereof, selects a state model structure to be used for model learning and estimation, from state models including a fully connected state model and a one way direction state model, based on the measure and stores the selected state model in a model storage unit.

A system for sensing an electrical quantity may include a sensing stage configured to sense the electrical quantity and generate a sense signal indicative of the electrical quantity, wherein the electrical quantity is indicative of an electrical signal generated by a Class-DG amplifier configured to drive a load wherein the Class-DG amplifier has multiple signal-level common modes and a common-mode compensator configured to compensate for changes to a common-mode voltage of a differential supply voltage of the driver occurring when switching between signal-level common modes of the Class-DG amplifier.

A method determines a fault position on a line of a power supply network. Transient profiles of current and voltage values are measured at the line ends of the line and, by using the transient profiles, after the occurrence of a fault, a fault position is determined. To carry out fault location with high accuracy even in the case of a line having more than two line ends, transient profiles of a node current and a node voltage at a node point are determined by using the current and voltage values of a line end and a traveling wave model for the respective line section, and, for each line section, a two-sided fault position determination is carried out using the transient profile of the current and voltage values measured at its line end and, the node current and the node voltage and the traveling wave model for this line section.

An arrangement for determining a magnitude of an electrical current flowing through a busbar. The arrangement has a measurement conductor which is electrically connected at a first contact point to the busbar and which extends from the first contact point to a second contact point. A third contact point is located on the busbar at a spacing distance from the first contact point. A voltage measurement device is configured to measure a voltage between the second contact point and the third contact point. The arrangement also has a controlled current source which is configured to introduce a measurement current into the measurement conductor.

The method allows the measurement of the audio signal-to-noise ratio, without having to interrupt the transmission to make the measurements. The method comprises: taking the audio signal processed by the system in a frequency hand (ΔF) for a predefined 5 measurement time period (T1); Fast Fourier Transform the sampled audio signal to obtain a signal power spectrum for the entire frequency band (ΔF); for each frequency (F), detect and store the maximum (PMax) and minimum (PMin) power values relating to each frequency considered with operations of “MaxHold” and “MinHold”, to obtain 10 corresponding sequences, respectively of maximum power (CMax) and minimum power (Cmin) of the audio signal; for each frequency (F), obtain the signal/audio noise ratio (S/N) of the signal as a function of the corresponding values of said sequences (CMax) and (CMin). 15

A method of controlling temperature of a heater including a resistive heating element includes measuring a voltage count and a current count based on data from an analog-digital converter (ADC) circuit of a sensor circuit, where the sensor circuit is electrically coupled to the heater. The method includes selecting one or more dynamic gain levels of the ADC from among a plurality of dynamic gain levels based on a shift gain correlation, determining a resistance of the resistive heating element based on the voltage count, the current count, and the one or more dynamic gain levels, and controlling power to the heater based on the resistance.