A GPR system the implements a modified multistatic mode of operation is provided. The GPR is suitable for mounting on an unmanned aerial vehicle. The GPR system has radar transceivers. The GPR system transmits transmit signal serially via the transceivers. For each transceiver that transmits a transmit signal, the GPR system receives a return signal acquired by each transceiver except for a return signal for the transceiver that transmits the transmit signal. The GPR system outputs of matrix of return signals that includes a null value for the return signals of the transceivers that transmit.

Provided are systems and methods for mapping hydrocarbon reservoirs. Operations include disposing an electromagnetic (EM) transmitter and an EM receiver into first and second wellbores of first and second wells, respectively, penetrating a resistive layer of a subsurface formation bounded by first and second conductive layers. The EM transmitter and receiver each being disposed at depths proximate to intersections of the first and second wellbores and the resistive layer, respectively. The operations further including transmitting an EM signal between the EM transmitter and receiver via the resistive layer, determining transport properties associated with propagation of the EM signal from the EM transmitter to the EM receiver via the resistive layer, and determining the presence of an anomaly in at least one of the conductive layers based on the travel time.

A system and associated methodology identifies and estimates relaxation frequencies, which are used by a Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR). These estimated relaxation frequencies are used to characterize and interpret a reflected GPR signal from a ground. The system also identifies the number of relaxation frequencies and estimates their magnitudes and values. The system also exhibits high resistance to noise.

In a method and system for inspecting the condition of a structure, the structure is scanned with a three-dimensional (3D) scanner. The 3D scanner includes a sensing system having one of a radar sensing device or an ultrasonic detection device. The sensing system detects 3D information about a subsurface of the structure, and the 3D scanner generates 3D data points based on the information detected by one or more of the radar sensing device and the ultrasonic detection device. A 3D model is constructed from the 3D data and is then analyzed to determine the condition of the subsurface of the structure.

An underground exploration apparatus 100 that explores underground using electromagnetic waves includes a radar unit 1 for underground exploration including an antenna and a transceiver, three omni-directional movement type wheels 2a to 2c that are rotatably fixed to three wheel shafts arranged at 120 degrees intervals and can move the underground exploration apparatus in any direction by changing rotation directions and rotation speeds of the three wheels, three motors 3a to 3c that rotate the three wheels 2a to 2c in predetermined directions at predetermined speeds, a terminal 10 that controls the radar unit 1 and the three motors 3a to 3c. The terminal 10 includes a calculation unit 23 that calculates an external force applied to the underground exploration apparatus 100 using measurement data measured by three encoders 4a to 4c, three torque sensors 5a to 5c, an acceleration sensor 6, and a gyroscopic sensor 7, and a first control unit 26 that rotates the three motors 3a to 3c according to the external force.

Selectively mobile system and method detect and locate information to determine repair or replacement needs for bridge and roadway infrastructure by detection of subsurface defects. Multiple sensors collect data to be fused include 1) Visual capture device or devices [16] aboard a mobile carrier [10] capture visual spectrum in either HD or regular video and/or as still frame camera images; 2) Infrared spectrum sensors [18] aboard the mobile carrier capture video or still frame images; 3) Global positioning sensors (GPS) [12] aboard the mobile carrier determine position; 4) Light detection and ranging system (LIDAR) aboard the mobile carrier gives precise locations. Further, 5) ground penetrating microwave radar (GPR) sensors carried by a vehicle [22] and related electronics determine depth of subsurface defects. The sensor systems supply data to a digital processor [40] having analysis and graphical information system (GIS) software [44] that fuses the data and presents it for delivery and use.

A method for generating a calibration curve of asphalt concrete of a known mix. Initially, a single sample of the known asphalt concrete mix is obtained. The single sample has a known percent voids. A dielectric measurement of the single sample is obtained. Using only the dielectric measurement of the single sample, the sample's known percent voids, and a dielectric of air, a theoretical ideal dielectric for the asphalt concrete mix at 0% voids is computed. A dielectric vs. percent voids calibration curve is generated based on the computed ideal dielectric.

The present invention includes systems and methods for a continuous-wave (CW) radar system for detecting, geolocating, identifying, discriminating between, and mapping ferrous and non-ferrous metals in brackish and saltwater environments. The radar system (e.g., the CW radar system) generates multiple extremely low frequency (ELF) electromagnetic waves simultaneously and uses said waves to detect, locate, and classify objects of interest. These objects include all types of ferrous and non-ferrous metals, as well as changing material boundary layers (e.g., soil to water, sand to mud, rock to organic materials, water to air, etc.). The radar system (e.g., the CW radar system) is operable to detect objects of interest in near real time.

A system and method for determining moisture content of soil, comprising providing bistatic radar configuration to measure soil reflectivity in UHF and S-band, cross-correlating between Sky-viewed and Earth-viewed signals and reflected signals in order to isolate the reflected signals, and correlating the isolated reflectesd signal to moisture content of the soil.

A method for determining depth of a material is disclosed. The method includes transmitting a signal from an antenna at a location. The signal includes a fundamental frequency and the signal penetrates ground under the location. The location is selected to locate a material at a depth under the location. The fundamental frequency matches a known resonant frequency of a resonant atom of a molecule of the material. The method includes detecting a reflected wave on the antenna, determining a time difference between transmission of the signal and detection of the reflected wave on the antenna, and determining the depth to the material based on the time difference and a reflected velocity corresponding to the resonant atom.