A meta lens includes a first lens surface, and a second lens surface provided opposite to the first lens surface, wherein at least one of the first lens surface and the second lens surface is a metasurface including a plurality of nanostructures having a sub-wavelength dimension that is less than a central wavelength λ.sub.0 in an operation wavelength band of the meta lens, and wherein a deflection property of the first lens surface and a deflection property of the second lens surface based on positions of incident light are opposite to each other in at least some regions of each of the first lens surface and the second lens surface.

A meta lens includes a first lens surface, and a second lens surface provided opposite to the first lens surface, wherein at least one of the first lens surface and the second lens surface is a metasurface including a plurality of nanostructures having a sub-wavelength dimension that is less than a central wavelength λ.sub.0 in an operation wavelength band of the meta lens, and wherein a deflection property of the first lens surface and a deflection property of the second lens surface based on positions of incident light are opposite to each other in at least some regions of each of the first lens surface and the second lens surface.

Semi-retro-reflective total internal reflection-based image displays may be equipped with at least one dielectric layer. The at least one dielectric layer may be deposited on one or more of a front electrode layer, rear electrode layer or pixel walls. This may lead to displays with enhanced brightness, improved electrophoretic particle responsiveness, improved grayscale and chemical stability in the presence of an electrophoretic medium, and improved resistance to high electric fields and high temperatures. In one embodiment, a total internal reflection-based image display comprises a dielectric layer formed by one or more of methods molecular layer deposition, atomic layer deposition, chemical vapor deposition, plasma enhance chemical vapor deposition, spin coating or slot die coating. In another embodiment, a total internal reflection-based image display comprises at least one dielectric layer and at least one surface modification layer.

A system for remotely sensing light from within a monitored environment containing one or more retro-reflective optical elements. The system includes an illuminator including a light source and a reflector unit comprising a deformable mirror arranged to receive light from the light source and to reflect the received light. This outputs illumination light from the illuminator for illuminating the optical element(s) within the monitored environment. A detector is arranged to receive light returned by the one or more retro-reflective optical elements in response to the illumination light. The detector determines a wavefront of the returned light and detects a property of the monitored environment according to the returned light. The reflector unit is arranged to deform the deformable mirror according to the determined wavefront such that light from the light source is reflected by the deformable mirror so deformed to output illumination light with a modified wavefront.

A system for remotely sensing light from within a monitored environment containing one or more retro-reflective optical elements. The system includes an illuminator including a light source and a reflector unit comprising a deformable mirror arranged to receive light from the light source and to reflect the received light. This outputs illumination light from the illuminator for illuminating the optical element(s) within the monitored environment. A detector is arranged to receive light returned by the one or more retro-reflective optical elements in response to the illumination light. The detector determines a wavefront of the returned light and detects a property of the monitored environment according to the returned light. The reflector unit is arranged to deform the deformable mirror according to the determined wavefront such that light from the light source is reflected by the deformable mirror so deformed to output illumination light with a modified wavefront.

An illumination marker includes a light source and an optical attenuation cover coupled to the light source. The optical attenuation cover is configured to attenuate an intensity of light that passes through the optical attenuation cover based on a length of an optical path of the light through the optical attenuation cover. In some embodiments, the optical attenuation cover may be embodied as a physical barrier cover and include light-blocking structures. Additionally, in some embodiments, the illumination maker may include a diffusive or retro-reflective core rather than the light source.

An illumination marker includes a light source and an optical attenuation cover coupled to the light source. The optical attenuation cover is configured to attenuate an intensity of light that passes through the optical attenuation cover based on a length of an optical path of the light through the optical attenuation cover. In some embodiments, the optical attenuation cover may be embodied as a physical barrier cover and include light-blocking structures. Additionally, in some embodiments, the illumination maker may include a diffusive or retro-reflective core rather than the light source.

A static optical system, for use with a phase modulator, configured to expand (at least up to 4 steradian) the solid angle range within which a light beam can propagate from and after interacting with the phase modulator. A specific embodiment includes a first holographic disperser (a layer with at least one hologram recorded therein, a lens element configured as a large spherical cap, and a second holographic disperser (a layer with at least one hologram in it) shaped as a shell against second optical surface of the lens element. Holographic dispersers carry/contain angularly-selective multiplexed volume holograms.

A technical concept of the present invention provides: a curved pattern marker capable of improving the precision of position detection and reducing size; and an optical tracking device including the marker. The marker comprises: a first lens unit, which has at least one lens having an incident surface, emits incident light within a target range, and is formed such that a light parallel to an optical axis among the incident light is vertically incident on the incident surface; a pattern unit having a curved pattern formed therein; and a second lens unit arranged between the first lens unit and the pattern unit, and adjusting the light emitted from the first lens unit such that the light is focused on the curved pattern.

A technical concept of the present invention provides: a curved pattern marker capable of improving the precision of position detection and reducing size; and an optical tracking device including the marker. The marker comprises: a first lens unit, which has at least one lens having an incident surface, emits incident light within a target range, and is formed such that a light parallel to an optical axis among the incident light is vertically incident on the incident surface; a pattern unit having a curved pattern formed therein; and a second lens unit arranged between the first lens unit and the pattern unit, and adjusting the light emitted from the first lens unit such that the light is focused on the curved pattern.