A polarization-independent, optical circulator is formed in silicon photonics. The polarization-independent, optical circulator uses an optical splitter having two couplers and two waveguides joining the two couplers. One of the two waveguides is thinner than the other to create a large effective index difference between TE and TM modes transmitted through the one waveguide. Polarization rotators, including reciprocal and/or non-reciprocal rotators, are further used to create the optical circulator.

A transparent complex oxide sintered body is manufactured by sintering a compact in an inert atmosphere or vacuum, and HIP treating the sintered compact, provided that the compact is molded from a source powder based on a rare earth oxide: (Tb.sub.xY.sub.1-x).sub.2O.sub.3 wherein 0.4≤x≤0.6, and the compact, when heated in air from room temperature at a heating rate of 15° C./min, exhibits a weight gain of at least y % due to oxidative reaction, y being determined by the formula: y=2x+0.3. The sintered body has a long luminescent lifetime as a result of controlling the valence of Tb ion.

A transparent complex oxide sintered body is manufactured by sintering a compact in an inert atmosphere or vacuum, and HIP treating the sintered compact, provided that the compact is molded from a source powder based on a rare earth oxide: (Tb.sub.xY.sub.1-x).sub.2O.sub.3 wherein 0.4≤x≤0.6, and the compact, when heated in air from room temperature at a heating rate of 15° C./min, exhibits a weight gain of at least y % due to oxidative reaction, y being determined by the formula: y=2x+0.3. The sintered body has a long luminescent lifetime as a result of controlling the valence of Tb ion.

An apparatus includes a dispersive-collimating element, a Faraday material apparatus and a focusing-dispersive element. The dispersive-collimating element assigns each beam wavelength to a particular spatial position. The beams are parallel one to the other. The Faraday material apparatus provides a polarization rotation independently for each wavelength, and the focusing-dispersive element recombines the different wavelengths into one single beam.

An apparatus includes a dispersive-collimating element, a Faraday material apparatus and a focusing-dispersive element. The dispersive-collimating element assigns each beam wavelength to a particular spatial position. The beams are parallel one to the other. The Faraday material apparatus provides a polarization rotation independently for each wavelength, and the focusing-dispersive element recombines the different wavelengths into one single beam.

Systems and methods for an integrated photonics quantum vector magnetometer are provided herein. In certain embodiments, a device includes a substrate; a radio frequency emitter that emits energy in a range of radio frequencies; and a waveguide layer formed on the substrate. The waveguide layer includes a first waveguide of a first material, wherein a probe laser is propagating within the first waveguide; and a second waveguide, wherein the second waveguide is positioned proximate to the first waveguide along a coupling length such that a pump laser propagating within the second waveguide is coupled into the first waveguide along the coupling length, wherein the pump laser causes the first material to absorb the probe laser at one or more frequencies in the range of frequencies. Moreover, the device includes a processing device that calculates a magnetic field strength based on an identification of the one or more frequencies.

Systems and methods for an integrated photonics quantum vector magnetometer are provided herein. In certain embodiments, a device includes a substrate; a radio frequency emitter that emits energy in a range of radio frequencies; and a waveguide layer formed on the substrate. The waveguide layer includes a first waveguide of a first material, wherein a probe laser is propagating within the first waveguide; and a second waveguide, wherein the second waveguide is positioned proximate to the first waveguide along a coupling length such that a pump laser propagating within the second waveguide is coupled into the first waveguide along the coupling length, wherein the pump laser causes the first material to absorb the probe laser at one or more frequencies in the range of frequencies. Moreover, the device includes a processing device that calculates a magnetic field strength based on an identification of the one or more frequencies.

Embodiments disclosed herein include optical systems with Faraday rotators in order to enhance efficiency. In an embodiment, a photonics package comprises an interposer and a patch over the interposer. In an embodiment, the patch overhangs an edge of the interposer. In an embodiment, the photonics package further comprises a photonics die on the patch and a Faraday rotator passing through a thickness of the patch. In an embodiment, the Faraday rotator is below the photonics die.

Embodiments disclosed herein include optical systems with Faraday rotators in order to enhance efficiency. In an embodiment, a photonics package comprises an interposer and a patch over the interposer. In an embodiment, the patch overhangs an edge of the interposer. In an embodiment, the photonics package further comprises a photonics die on the patch and a Faraday rotator passing through a thickness of the patch. In an embodiment, the Faraday rotator is below the photonics die.

Embodiments disclosed herein include photonics systems with a dual polarization module. In an embodiment, a photonics patch comprises a patch substrate, and a photonics die over a first surface of the patch substrate. In an embodiment, a multiplexer is over a second surface of the patch substrate. In an embodiment, a first optical path from the photonics die to the multiplexer is provided for propagating a first optical signal, and a second optical path from the photonics die to the multiplexer is provided for propagating a second optical signal. In an embodiment, a Faraday rotator is provided along the second optical path to convert the second optical signal from a first mode to a second mode before reaching the multiplexer.