Metal-oxide composite particles are used as a toner additive.

A positively chargeable toner includes at least a binder resin, and toner particles of which surfaces are modified by a polyvinylamine compound.

A toner having good development durability, storage stability, environmental stability, and low-temperature fixability is provided. The toner contains toner particles each including a surface layer that contains an organic silicon polymer. The organic silicon polymer contains a specific unit. In a chart obtained by .sup.29Si-NMR measurement of THF insoluble components of the toner particles, the ratio of a peak area attributable to a specific structure to the total peak area of the organic silicon polymer is 0.40 or more.

Provided is a method of preparing a poly-silicic-ferric coagulant (PSFC) having a controlled aggregating strength. In particular, according to an embodiment, provided is a method of preparing a PSFC that may effectively suppress both formation of fine toner particles having a particle size that is smaller than a desired particle size and formation of coarse toner particles having a particle size that is greater than the desired particle size, wherein the PSFC for a toner is used in preparation of a toner by using an emulsion aggregation (EA) method. The PSFC for a toner prepared by using the method, according to an embodiment, significantly exhibits a controlled aggregating strength, and thus a viscosity of an emulsion aggregation solution for the toner preparation is appropriate, which results in suppressing production of fine toner particles and coarse toner particles. In this regard, a toner preparation yield may improve.

Oxidation resistant crosslinked ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) is described, wherein at least two different additives in the manufacture synergistically increase the oxidation resistance of crosslinked UHMWPE. This allows the manufacture of oxidation resistant crosslinked UHMWPE using lower levels of additives and/or lower levels of crosslinking irradiation or chemicals. The lower levels of additives and/or crosslinking produce crosslinked UHMWPE having desired physical properties not possible without the synergistic interaction of the additives. This crosslinked UHMWPE may be used in medical prostheses such as in bearing components having desired physical properties such as wear resistance and oxidation resistance not possible without the synergistic interaction of the additives.

The present invention is to provide a toner which has an excellent balance between heat-resistant storage stability and low-temperature fixability and which is excellent in printing durability even under a wide range of temperature and humidity environments from a low temperature and low humidity environment to a high temperature and high humidity environment. Disclosed is a toner for developing electrostatic images, containing colored resin particles containing a binder resin, a colorant, a softening agent and a retention aid, and an external additive, wherein the retention aid is a copolymer of at least one of acrylic acid ester and methacrylic acid ester and at least one of acrylic acid and methacrylic acid, and wherein the copolymer has an acid value of 0.5 to 7 mgKOH/g, a weight average molecular weight Mw of 6,000 to 50,000, and a glass transition temperature of 60 to 85 C.

A support material for printing a support structure with an electrophotography-based additive manufacturing system, the support material including a composition having a charge control agent and a thermoplastic copolymer having aromatic groups, (meth)acrylate-based ester groups, carboxylic acid groups, and anhydride groups, with a high anhydride conversion. The composition is provided in a powder form having a controlled particle size, and the support material is configured for use in the electrophotography-based additive manufacturing system having a layer transfusion assembly for printing the support structure in a layer-by-layer manner, and is at least partially soluble in an aqueous solution.

A toner includes a polymeric resin, a colorant, and a small molecule crystalline aromatic monoester having a molecular weight less than 1,000 g/mol. The polymeric resin may be an amorphous resin and a mixture of the amorphous resin and the crystalline aromatic monoester may be characterized by a reduction in glass transition temperature from that of the resin and by the lack of a melting point for the crystalline aromatic monoester as determined by differential scanning calorimetry, the enthalpy of fusion for the crystalline aromatic monoester in the mixture being measured to be less than 10% of the enthalpy of fusion of the crystalline aromatic monoester in pure form. Furthermore, the toner may be configured to have a crease fix minimum fusing temperature (MFT) less than or equal to the crease fix MFT of a benchmark ultra-low-melt emulsion aggregation toner. Suitable crystalline aromatic monoesters may include 2-Naphthyl benzoate.

An electrostatic charge image developing toner includes a toner particle containing a binder resin, a release agent, a divalent metal, and a trivalent metal, in which the release agent has a domain diameter of 0.5 m or greater and 1.5 m or less.

A toner particle includes a core particle including a binder resin, and a plurality of fine particles that are smaller than the core particle and that are attached to a surface of the core particle. The fine particles include silica fine particles, and inorganic fine particles having a band gap energy of 2.5 to 7.0 eV and a relative permittivity of 30 to 100. The toner particle has a content of titanium dioxide of less than 1% by mass.