According to the present invention, in a toner including a toner particle containing a binder resin and a low molecular aromatic hydrocarbon, the binder resin contains a polyester resin, at least one kind of a unit derived from an aromatic monocarboxylic acid and a unit derived from an aromatic monoalcohol is contained, and the low molecular aromatic hydrocarbon has 1 or more and 4 or less benzene rings, and has a melting point of 60 C. or more and 120 C. or less.

Provided is a toner for developing electrostatic images, which is less likely to cause filming, is excellent in printing durability, and is less likely to cause fog under a high temperature and high humidity environment. The toner for developing electrostatic images is a toner containing colored resin particles that contains a binder resin, a colorant and a charge control agent, and external additives, wherein the external additives include at least: silica fine particles A, silica fine particles B, and electroconductive metal oxide fine particles C; wherein the silica fine particles. A and B are silica fine particles surface-hydrophobized with at least one hydrophobizing agent; wherein the electroconductive metal oxide fine particles C have an electrical resistance of 70 cm or less and contain antimony-doped tin oxide.

Provided is a toner for developing electrostatic images, which is less likely to cause filming, is excellent in printing durability, and is less likely to cause fog under a high temperature and high humidity environment. The toner for developing electrostatic images is a toner containing colored resin particles that contains a binder resin, a colorant and a charge control agent, and external additives, wherein the external additives include at least: silica fine particles A, silica fine particles B, and electroconductive metal oxide fine particles C; wherein the silica fine particles. A and B are silica fine particles surface-hydrophobized with at least one hydrophobizing agent; wherein the electroconductive metal oxide fine particles C have an electrical resistance of 70 cm or less and contain antimony-doped tin oxide.

A two-component developer includes a toner and a carrier. The toner is a positively chargeable toner that is positively charged by friction with the carrier. The toner includes a plurality of toner particles each including a toner mother particle and a plurality of first resin particles. An anionic surfactant having higher negative chargeability than the first resin particles is present on surfaces of the first resin particles. The carrier includes a plurality of carrier particles each including a carrier mother particle and a plurality of second resin particles. A cationic surfactant having higher positive chargeability than the second resin particles is present on surfaces of the second resin particles. The first resin particles have a zeta potential lower than 0 mV at a pH of 5. The second resin particles have a zeta potential higher than 0 mV at a pH of 5.

A toner including a toner particle and an external additive, wherein the external additive contains an inorganic fine particle A and a silica fine particle; in a surface of the toner observed using a scanning electron microscope, a number-average particle diameter of primary particle of the silica fine particle is from 5 nm to 50 nm, a number-average particle diameter of primary particle of the inorganic fine particle A is at least 10 nm and less than 60 nm, a coverage ratio X1 of the toner surface covered by the silica fine particle is from 60 area % to 95 area %, the inorganic fine particle A is a fine particle of a titanate having a Group 2 element, and a coverage ratio X2 of the toner surface covered by the inorganic fine particle A is from 5 area % to 40 area %.

A toner comprises toner particles each containing a binder resin and a crystalline compound represented by a specific chemical formula. The crystalline compound. exhibits a CuK X-ray diffraction spectrum having a diffraction peak at a Bragg angle 20.2 in the range of 4.0 to 5.0. The diffraction peak has a half-value width of 0.7 or more.

A method of printing three-dimensional parts with an electrophotography-based additive manufacturing system, with a part material including a composition having an engineering-grade thermoplastic material and a charge control agent. The part material is provided in a powder form having a controlled particle size, and is configured for use in the electrophotography-based additive manufacturing system having a layer transfusion assembly for printing the three-dimensional parts in a layer-by-layer manner.

A toner, containing: a binder resin; and kaolinite, wherein the toner has a molecular weight distribution having a main peak in a range of 1,000 to 10,000, and a half value width of the main peak is 8,000 to 30,000, where the molecular weight distribution is obtained by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) of THF soluble matter of the toner, and wherein the toner contains the kaolinite in an amount of 5% by mass to 35% by mass.

An electrostatic charge image developing white toner according to the present invention includes toner base particles including rutile type titanium oxide particles as colorant and a binder resin. The rutile type titanium oxide particles are composed of two groups Ga and Gb of rutile type titanium oxide particles have different volume particle size distribution. A volume particle size distribution curve of the rutile type titanium oxide particles represents diameter on a horizontal axis and volume ratio on a vertical axis and has two main peaks. Diameters Da and Db of peak top positions of the two main peaks are respectively within a range of 100 to 500 nm, and satisfy following Relational expressions:
(Relational expression 1):25 nmDbDa200 nm
(Relational expression 2):(mass of Ga):(mass of Gb)=5:95 to 30:70.

The present invention provides an aqueous dispersion of a low-molecular-weight polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), which contains an easily removable surfactant, and has a good dispersion stability. Specifically, the present invention provides an aqueous dispersion of a low-molecular-weight PTFE comprising tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) units, or TFE units and modifying monomer units which are copolymerizable with the TFE units, wherein the aqueous dispersion contains from 70 to 9,000 ppm, based on the aqueous dispersion, of a fluorine-containing compound of the formula (1) below:
X(CF.sub.2).sub.mY(1)
where X is H or F; m is an integer from 3 to 5; and Y is SO.sub.3M, SO.sub.4M, SO.sub.3R, SO.sub.4R, COOM, PO.sub.3M.sub.2 or PO.sub.4M.sub.2, M being H, NH.sub.4 or an alkali metal, and R being an alkyl group having 1 to 12 carbons, and the low-molecular-weight PTFE has an average primary particle size of from 100 to 350 nm.