A flowing junction reference electrode comprising a liquid junction member matched with a filter. The junction member and the filter are situated between a reference electrolyte solution and a sample solution. An array of nanochannels spans the junction member and provides fluid communication between the electrolyte solution and the sample solution. The filter is configured to allow a greater flux of electrolyte than that associated with the junction member. Preferably, the number of pores is greater than the number of nanochannels. The filter is preferably configured to have pores with an inner diameter that is the same or less than the inner diameter of the nanochannels. In some embodiment, the resistance of the filter is made lower relative to the resistance of the junction member by selecting suitable length, number, and inner diameter size for the pores of the filter relative to the nanochannels of the junction member.

A flowing junction reference electrode comprising a liquid junction member matched with a filter. The junction member and the filter are situated between a reference electrolyte solution and a sample solution. An array of nanochannels spans the junction member and provides fluid communication between the electrolyte solution and the sample solution. The filter is configured to allow a greater flux of electrolyte than that associated with the junction member. Preferably, the number of pores is greater than the number of nanochannels. The filter is preferably configured to have pores with an inner diameter that is the same or less than the inner diameter of the nanochannels. In some embodiment, the resistance of the filter is made lower relative to the resistance of the junction member by selecting suitable length, number, and inner diameter size for the pores of the filter relative to the nanochannels of the junction member.

A reference half-cell for application in an electrochemical sensor, comprising a housing, in which a chamber containing a reference electrolyte is formed, wherein the reference electrolyte is in contact with a medium surrounding the housing via a liquid junction arranged in a wall of the housing, wherein the liquid junction comprises a porous diaphragm, and wherein the diaphragm has, at least partially, a coating, which comprises at least one metal.

A reference half-cell for application in an electrochemical sensor, comprising a housing, in which a chamber containing a reference electrolyte is formed, wherein the reference electrolyte is in contact with a medium surrounding the housing via a liquid junction arranged in a wall of the housing, wherein the liquid junction comprises a porous diaphragm, and wherein the diaphragm has, at least partially, a coating, which comprises at least one metal.

A reference electrode according to the present invention maintains continuity between an internal solution and measurement sample and measures the electrical potential of the measurement sample even if the measurement sample in a liquid junction of the reference electrode has air bubbles mixed therein. This reference electrode is provided with: a second body provided with a second internal solution chamber in which a second internal solution is housed and a liquid junction portion disposed in the second internal solution chamber such that the second internal solution and measurement sample that is to be measured come into contact; and an internal electrode disposed inside the second internal solution. The liquid junction portion is formed from a conduction component formed from a porous or fibrous component and an aperture adjacent to the conduction component.

A reference half-cell for application in an electrochemical sensor, comprising a housing, in which a chamber containing a reference electrolyte is formed, wherein the reference electrolyte (5, 105) is in contact with a medium surrounding the housing via a liquid junction arranged in a wall of the housing, wherein the liquid junction comprises a porous diaphragm, especially a porous ceramic diaphragm, and wherein the diaphragm has, at least partially, a coating, which comprises at least one metal.

A reference half-cell for application in an electrochemical sensor, comprising a housing, in which a chamber containing a reference electrolyte is formed, wherein the reference electrolyte (5, 105) is in contact with a medium surrounding the housing via a liquid junction arranged in a wall of the housing, wherein the liquid junction comprises a porous diaphragm, especially a porous ceramic diaphragm, and wherein the diaphragm has, at least partially, a coating, which comprises at least one metal.

A single-use disposable potentiometric reference sensor includes an insulating base substrate, a reference electrode disposed on the insulating base substrate where the reference electrode is a silver-silver chloride electrode, an internal layer disposed on the reference electrode where the internal layer is an amorphous salt layer that includes an amorphous polysaccharide and a salt having equi-mobility cations and anions, and a semipermeable cover membrane disposed over the internal layer where the semipermeable cover membrane has water vapor and ion permeability.

A single-use disposable potentiometric reference sensor includes an insulating base substrate, a reference electrode disposed on the insulating base substrate where the reference electrode is a silver-silver chloride electrode, an internal layer disposed on the reference electrode where the internal layer is an amorphous salt layer that includes an amorphous polysaccharide and a salt having equi-mobility cations and anions, and a semipermeable cover membrane disposed over the internal layer where the semipermeable cover membrane has water vapor and ion permeability.

A single-use disposable potentiometric reference sensor includes an insulating base substrate, a reference electrode disposed on the insulating base substrate where the reference electrode is a silver-silver chloride electrode, an internal layer disposed on the reference electrode where the internal layer is an amorphous salt layer that includes an amorphous polysaccharide and a salt having equi-mobility cations and anions, and a semipermeable cover membrane disposed over the internal layer where the semipermeable cover membrane has water vapor and ion permeability.