Various cell analysis systems of the present teachings can measure the electrical and metabolic activity of single, living cells with subcellular addressability and simultaneous data acquisition for between about 10 cells to about 500,000 cells in a single analysis. Various sensor array devices of the present teachings can have sensor arrays with between 20 million to 660 million ChemFET sensors built into a massively paralleled array and can provide for simultaneous measurement of cells with data acquisition rates in the kilohertz (kHz) range. As various ChemFET sensor arrays of the present teachings can detect chemical analytes as well detect changes in cell membrane potential, various cell analysis systems of the present teachings also provide for the controlled chemical and electrical interrogation of cells.

For sensing pH of a fluid, a heating apparatus of a semiconductor die controls a temperature of the fluid to a first temperature. A first voltage of a gate of a floating gate transistor of the semiconductor die is measured while the temperature of the fluid is at the first temperature. Also, the heating apparatus controls the temperature of the fluid to a second temperature that is different than the first temperature. A second voltage of the gate is measured while the temperature of the fluid is at the second temperature. The pH of the fluid is determined based on the first and second voltages, the first temperature and the second temperature.

A multi-gas sensor to detect food spoilage and a method of forming the same are disclosed. The multi-gas sensor includes a silicon substrate and a plurality of chemical sensitive field effect transistor (CSFET) sensors formed on a surface of the silicon substrate, wherein each one of the plurality of CSFET sensors are decorated with a different material to detect a different gas associated with food spoilage.

A transistor-type sensor capable of detecting a compound having an amino group has a simple structure and also is expected to be effective in antioxidation action and prevention of dementia, etc. The transistor-type sensor includes a detection electrode for capturing a compound having an amino group for detection, and a transistor having a gate electrode connected with the detection electrode. The detection electrode has a cucurbituril structure-containing compound immobilized on the surface thereof.

A multiple functioning superconductive device was invented based on Toroidal Josephson Junction (FFTJJ) array with 3D-cage structure self-assembled organo-metallic superlattice membrane. The device not only mimics the structure and function of an activated Matrix Metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) protein, but also mimics the cylinder structure of the Heat Shock Protein (HSP60) protein, that works at room temperature under a normal atmosphere, and without external electromagnetic power applied. The device enabled direct rapid real-time monitoring atto-molarity concentration ATP in biological specimens and was able to define the anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory status revealed a transitional range of ATP concentration under antibody-free, tracer-free and label-free conditions.

A biosensor that includes a semiconductor active region; a sensing region configured to contact a fluid; and multiple electrodes that comprise decoupling electrodes and additional electrodes. The decoupling electrodes may be configured, wherein operating in a first mode, to prevent a formation of a top conductive channel within the semiconductor active region; and wherein the additional electrodes are configured, wherein operating in the first mode, to independently control (i) one or more properties of one or more other conductive channels formed within the semiconductor active region, and (ii) a Debye length at an interface between the sensing region and the fluid.

A sensor includes a working electrode in contact with an analyte solution; an amplifier including: a source terminal; a drain terminal; a back gate terminal; and nanowires, each nanowire electrically connecting the source terminal to the drain terminal; and an insulator having a first side and a second side. The working electrode is positioned to the first side of the insulator. The source terminal, the drain terminal, and the nanowires are positioned to the second side of the insulator. The insulator prevents direct electrical contact between the working electrode, the analyte solution and either the source terminal, the drain terminal, or the nanowires. The working electrode is configured such that, when a chemical species is present in the analyte solution, a variation in an electrical field at a location of the nanowires is induced, inducing a corresponding variation in an electrical current between the source terminal and the drain terminal.

A sensor includes a working electrode in contact with an analyte solution; an amplifier including: a source terminal; a drain terminal; a back gate terminal; and nanowires, each nanowire electrically connecting the source terminal to the drain terminal; and an insulator having a first side and a second side. The working electrode is positioned to the first side of the insulator. The source terminal, the drain terminal, and the nanowires are positioned to the second side of the insulator. The insulator prevents direct electrical contact between the working electrode, the analyte solution and either the source terminal, the drain terminal, or the nanowires. The working electrode is configured such that, when a chemical species is present in the analyte solution, a variation in an electrical field at a location of the nanowires is induced, inducing a corresponding variation in an electrical current between the source terminal and the drain terminal.

A cell culture apparatus includes: a substrate having a first surface; a pair of structures each having a wall surface intersecting the first surface, the wall surfaces facing each other; and an electrode disposed on the first surface and traversing a space between the wall surfaces, the electrode and each of the wail surfaces forming an angle other than 90 degrees.

The present invention teaches multiple three-dimensional nanosensing geometries for simultaneously assaying both large and small bio-related molecules in one device. The invention delivers broader sensitivity and selectivity than devices that assay small or large molecules separately. The combination assays all classes of molecules, e.g., proteins, lipoproteins, nucleoproteins, lipids, phospholipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, simple sugars, hormones, volatile organic compounds, drugs, drug metabolites, etc. Broad collection enables i) rapid and accurate diagnosis, ii) likely courses of treatments, and iii) timely feedback that monitors and follows the progressions of treatment(s). In one example, a patient's pattern of blood lipids, proteins—including proteins with alternate cleavage patterns, peptides—including endocrine peptides, thyroxine (and/or other hormones), and drug metabolites, forms a profile specific to that patient at that time. The profile is inputted for analysis by comparing it to a library of pooled data. Applying artificial intelligence (AI) to this comparison allows accurate diagnosis and then can suggest historically validated treatments most suited to that patient.