Provided is an electrical circuit for electrochemical measurement of a solution, said electrical circuit comprising: a voltage generation circuit; an operational amplifier that has an output (OUT), a non-inverting input (+IN), and an inverting input (−IN), wherein the output (OUT) is connected to a counter electrode (CE) in contact with the solution, the inverting input (−IN) is connected to a reference electrode (RE) in contact with the solution, and the non-inverting input (+IN) is connected to the voltage generation circuit; a capacitor that is connected between the output (OUT) and inverting input (−IN) and has a capacitance of 1 μF or greater; and a current measurement circuit that is connected to a working electrode (WE) in contact with the solution.

A reference system for an electrochemical or ion selective sensor where a reference electrode is coupled with a redox active species and the redox active species is configured to set a pH value of a local environment of a low buffer/low buffering capacity analyte media proximal to the reference electrode. The pH value of the low buffer/low buffering capacity proximal to the reference electrode may be controlled to a pH value at least one pH unit above or below pH 7. The voltammetric response of the redox active species is used as a reference and/or reference signal for the electrochemical or ion selective sensor.

An electrochemical measurement method is provided in which a working electrode that causes an oxidation-reduction reaction with a measurement target and a counter electrode connected to the working electrode are provided in an electrolytic solution containing the measurement target, and a measuring voltage is applied between the working electrode and the counter electrode to measure a current that flows between the working electrode and the counter electrode in proportion to the amount of the measurement target, wherein an eliminating electrode is provided in the electrolytic solution, and the method performs: eliminating the measurement target by applying an eliminating voltage, which has the same polarity as the measuring voltage, between the eliminating electrode and the counter electrode to oxidize or reduce the measurement target; diffusing a new measurement target; and measuring the current by applying the measuring voltage between the working electrode and the counter electrode.

There is provided a plating apparatus capable of suitably measuring a micro-throwing power. A first plating apparatus (1A) includes: a first anode (12A) disposed in a first plating bathtub (11A); an insulating substrate (4) having a hole (5) and disposed in the first plating bathtub (11A); a pair of first cathodes (13AX, 13AY), each cathode being provided in the insulating substrate (4) at a bottom portion of the hole (5) and at a surface on an opening side of the hole (5); a first plating power source (14A) configured to supply an electric current between the first anode (12) and the pair of first cathodes (13AX, 13AY); and a first electric current measuring circuit (22A) configured to measure respective values of electric currents flowing through the pair of first cathodes (13AX, 13AY).

Multiple Josephson toroidal vertex quantum superconductive/memristive and superconductive/memcapacitive devices were invented with various superlattice structures, which work at room temperature without an applied external magnetic flux. The first type of the superlattices of the devices comprises of multiple-layers of organometallic polymers on gold chips by self-assembling that mimics the function of Matrix Metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2). Another type of quantum superconductor/memristor comprises of multiple-organic polymers cross-linked with MMP-2 protein forming Josephson toroidal vertex on the gold surface. Models of the quantum superconductive/memristive and superconductive/memcapacitive devices were fabricated in nano superlattice structures and the devices module configurations were described. Three different methods were used to evaluate the devices' applications in sub fg/mL collagen-1 sensing, energy storage, and the super-position characteristics as a potential quantum bit device. The superconductivity, memristive, and memcapacitive functions were also evaluated in multiple methods, respectively.

An organic light emitting display device includes a plurality of pixels. Each of the pixels includes an organic light emitting diode, first to third transistors, a storage capacitor, and a first capacitor. The second transistor includes a gate electrode receiving a first scan signal, a first electrode receiving a data signal, and a second electrode connected to a first electrode of the first transistor. The third transistor includes a gate electrode receiving a second scan signal, a first electrode connected to a second electrode of the first transistor, and a second electrode connected to a gate electrode of the first transistor. The storage capacitor includes a first electrode receiving a power voltage and a second electrode connected to the gate electrode of the first transistor. The first capacitor includes a first electrode connected to the gate electrode of the third transistor and a second electrode receiving the power voltage.

According to one aspect of the invention, a potentiometric sensor having a cathode and an anode. The cathode is configured to provide a summary voltage representative of at least two voltage points. The anode is configured to provide a first voltage. The cathode is in communication with the anode by a first electrolyte forming an open circuit having an open circuit potential. Within the first electrolyte is a concentration of a target ion. The open circuit potential mathematically corresponds to the concentration of the target ion.

The invented organic memristor/memcapacitor device comprises arrayed cross-bar donut-shape toroidal matrix self-assembling membrane on an electrode mimicking mitochondria's double membrane surface structure and the direct electron-relay function, that used to mimic functions of Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 1 (FGFR1) and choline acetyltransferase (CHAT), which enables bio-communication signals flowing directly between the endotoxin interacted membrane electrode assembly (MEA) working electrode and a cathodic electrode; and from a biomarker Acetyl coenzyme A (AcCoA) interacted the MEA electrode and the cathodic electrode when applied a definite potential, respectively, for detection of a single E. coli cell and detection of a picomolar concentration of AcCoA under nature enzyme-free, antibody-free and reagent-free conditions. The sensor offers multiple functions for monitoring neuronal synapse pulse energy output. The robust analytical performances of the device for monitoring endotoxins in milk are important in the dairy industry.

An electrochemical measurement method is provided in which a working electrode that causes an oxidation-reduction reaction with a measurement target and a counter electrode connected to the working electrode are provided in an electrolytic solution containing the measurement target, and a measuring voltage is applied between the working electrode and the counter electrode to measure a current that flows between the working electrode and the counter electrode in proportion to the amount of the measurement target, wherein an eliminating electrode is provided in the electrolytic solution, and the method performs: eliminating the measurement target by applying an eliminating voltage, which has the same polarity as the measuring voltage, between the eliminating electrode and the counter electrode to oxidize or reduce the measurement target; diffusing a new measurement target; and measuring the current by applying the measuring voltage between the working electrode and the counter electrode.

An organic light emitting display device includes a plurality of pixels. Each of the pixels includes an organic light emitting diode, first to third transistors, a storage capacitor, and a first capacitor. The second transistor includes a gate electrode receiving a first scan signal, a first electrode receiving a data signal, and a second electrode connected to a first electrode of the first transistor. The third transistor includes a gate electrode receiving a second scan signal, a first electrode connected to a second electrode of the first transistor, and a second electrode connected to a gate electrode of the first transistor. The storage capacitor includes a first electrode receiving a power voltage and a second electrode connected to the gate electrode of the first transistor. The first capacitor includes a first electrode connected to the gate electrode of the third transistor and a second electrode receiving the power voltage.