A system configured to detect defects in a first oxygen sensor is disclosed. The system is configured to detect defects in a first oxygen sensor. The system includes an X-ray imaging device configured to capture a production X-ray image of the first oxygen sensor and an electronic processor configured to use a trained oxygen sensor defect detection model to identify a defect of the first oxygen sensor by producing a pseudo X-ray image by simulating a projection of a fan beam through CT data of a second oxygen sensor. The electronic processor is also configured to measure, via the trained oxygen sensor defect detection model, a fan-beam distortion in the production X-ray image; select, via the trained oxygen sensor defect detection model, the pseudo X-ray image based on the fan-beam distortion; perform a comparison, via the trained oxygen sensor defect detection model, of the production X-ray image to the pseudo X-ray image; and, classify, based on the comparison, the production X-ray image as representing an improperly assembled oxygen sensor.

A gas burner comprises an automatic firing unit for regulating or controlling an amount of gas supplied to the gas burner via a gas control valve and a lambda probe (1) arranged in the exhaust gas flow for measuring a residual oxygen content in the exhaust gas. A method for operating the gas burner comprises a first operating state in which the gas burner is operated in standard mode, wherein the residual oxygen content in the exhaust gas is regulated via the measured value of the lambda probe (1). According to the invention, in a second operating state, the gas burner performs a fault test on the lambda probe (1) involving the steps of: deactivating (S18) a supply of power to a pump cell (PZ) of the lambda probe (1); determining a present test voltage (h) of a measurement cell (NZ) of the lambda probe (1); comparing (S25) the present test voltage (h) with a predefined test setpoint voltage (i) and determining a difference; and if the difference exceeds a predefined limit value, performing a safety deactivation (S29); or if the difference does not exceed the predefined limit value, operating the gas burner in the first operating state.

An ionic current sensor array includes a master bias generator and a plurality of sensing cells. The master bias generator is configured to generate a bias voltage. Each sensing cell includes an ionic current sensor, an integrating capacitor, a sense transistor coupled between the integrating capacitor and the ionic current sensor, and an amplifier coupled to provide a reference voltage to bias the ionic current sensor. The amplifier includes a first transistor and a second transistor. The first transistor is coupled to receive the bias voltage, and the second transistor is coupled to the first transistor to provide the reference voltage to the ionic current sensor. The second transistor is also coupled between a source of the sense transistor and the gate of the sense transistor.

An ionic current sensor array includes a master bias generator and a plurality of sensing cells. The master bias generator is configured to generate a bias voltage. Each sensing cell includes an ionic current sensor, an integrating capacitor, a sense transistor coupled between the integrating capacitor and the ionic current sensor, and an amplifier coupled to provide a reference voltage to bias the ionic current sensor. The amplifier includes a first transistor and a second transistor. The first transistor is coupled to receive the bias voltage, and the second transistor is coupled to the first transistor to provide the reference voltage to the ionic current sensor. The second transistor is also coupled between a source of the sense transistor and the gate of the sense transistor.

A structure of an electrochemical unit includes a substrate, a first metal layer disposed on the substrate, and an array of electrochemical cells disposed on the first metal layer. The array of the electrochemical cells includes a plurality of electrochemical cells. Each of the electrochemical cells includes the first metal layer disposed on the substrate, a first electrode disposed on the first metal layer, a polymer layer disposed on the substrate and adjacent to the first metal layer and the first electrode. A second metal layer is disposed on the polymer layer, and a second electrode is disposed on the second metal layer. A pore is constituted between the polymer layers of every the two electrochemical cells. A cavity located above the first electrode is defined between every the two electrochemical cells, wherein the cavity is communicated with the pore.

A structure of an electrochemical unit includes a substrate, a first metal layer disposed on the substrate, and an array of electrochemical cells disposed on the first metal layer. The array of the electrochemical cells includes a plurality of electrochemical cells. Each of the electrochemical cells includes the first metal layer disposed on the substrate, a first electrode disposed on the first metal layer, a polymer layer disposed on the substrate and adjacent to the first metal layer and the first electrode. A second metal layer is disposed on the polymer layer, and a second electrode is disposed on the second metal layer. A pore is constituted between the polymer layers of every the two electrochemical cells. A cavity located above the first electrode is defined between every the two electrochemical cells, wherein the cavity is communicated with the pore.

A sensor element for detecting a parameter of a gas mixture in a gas chamber, having a first electrode and a first diffusion barrier layer arranged to be coupled to said first electrode in a predetermined first region, and arranged such that the gas mixture of the gas chamber only impinges on the first electrode in the first region via the first diffusion barrier layer. In addition, the sensor element has a second electrode arranged such that the gas mixture of the gas chamber impinges on the second electrode in a further first region. The sensor element includes a solid electrolyte designed to be coupled to the first and the second electrodes.

A sensor element for detecting a parameter of a gas mixture in a gas chamber, having a first electrode and a first diffusion barrier layer arranged to be coupled to said first electrode in a predetermined first region, and arranged such that the gas mixture of the gas chamber only impinges on the first electrode in the first region via the first diffusion barrier layer. In addition, the sensor element has a second electrode arranged such that the gas mixture of the gas chamber impinges on the second electrode in a further first region. The sensor element includes a solid electrolyte designed to be coupled to the first and the second electrodes.

A nitrogen oxide sensor includes a measured gas chamber, a sensor cell, a pump cell, a voltage application circuit, a sensor output detector, a voltage control part, a concentration calculation part, a temperature estimation part, an air-fuel ratio estimation part, and a time calculation part calculating a cumulative value of time periods when the temperature of the pump cell is within a predetermined temperature region and the air-fuel ratio of the measured gas is leaner than the stoichiometric air-fuel ratio as a first cumulative time period. The concentration calculation part calculates the NOx concentration in the measured gas higher with respect to the output of the sensor cell when the first cumulative time period is relatively long compared with when the first cumulative time period is relatively short.

A nitrogen oxide sensor includes a measured gas chamber, a sensor cell, a pump cell, a voltage application circuit, a sensor output detector, a voltage control part, a concentration calculation part, a temperature estimation part, an air-fuel ratio estimation part, and a time calculation part calculating a cumulative value of time periods when the temperature of the pump cell is within a predetermined temperature region and the air-fuel ratio of the measured gas is leaner than the stoichiometric air-fuel ratio as a first cumulative time period. The concentration calculation part calculates the NOx concentration in the measured gas higher with respect to the output of the sensor cell when the first cumulative time period is relatively long compared with when the first cumulative time period is relatively short.