A sensor element includes: a base part containing an oxygen-ion conductive solid electrolyte as a constituent material; at least one internal space into which a measurement gas is introduced; and at least one pump cell including an internal electrode disposed to face the at least one internal space, an out-of-space pump electrode disposed at a location other than the at least one internal space, and a portion of the base part located between these electrodes, the internal electrode includes: an upper layer consisting of a noble metal, the solid electrolyte, and a pore; and a lower layer consisting of the noble metal and the solid electrolyte, and a volume ratio of the solid electrolyte in the lower layer is greater than a volume ratio of the solid electrolyte in the upper layer.

The invention aims to suppress an effect of noise and heat generated from a memory on a measurement result in an ion concentration measuring device that uses an ion detection element for outputting a potential corresponding to the concentration of ions. The ion concentration measuring device according to the invention includes a cartridge having an ion detection element and a memory and supplies power to the memory in a time period excluding a time period for which the potential generated by the ion detection element is acquired.

An electrochemical sensor is provided having a housing with an opening therein. The housing defines a chamber. The sensor includes a primary cell having a primary working electrode aligned with the opening in the housing so that the primary working electrode is exposed to an environment outside of the chamber. A primary counter electrode is sealed within the chamber. The sensor includes a secondary cell having a secondary working electrode sealed within the chamber, and a secondary counter electrode sealed within the chamber.

A method for calibrating an oxygen sensor of a household appliance includes a calibration process which is automatically started when at least one status parameter of the household appliance has at least reached a predetermined threshold value. The household appliance can be a steam cooking appliance, and the oxygen sensor can be a lambda probe.

A system includes a system housing including an inlet, at least one gas sensor responsive to a first analyte gas other than oxygen within the system housing and in fluid connection with the inlet, and a sensor responsive to oxygen within the system housing and in fluid connection with the inlet. The sensor responsive to oxygen is formed to be chemically separate from the at least one gas sensor responsive to the first analyte gas other than oxygen. The sensor responsive to oxygen is responsive to a change in the concentration of oxygen arising from creation of a driving force in the vicinity of the inlet to provide an indication of a state of a transport path between the inlet of the system and the at least one gas sensor responsive to the first analyte gas other than oxygen.

[Object] To provide a measurement apparatus capable of easily acquiring microbiota information regarding a specimen, and also provide a measurement method and a program.

[Solving Means] A measurement apparatus includes: a voltage applying unit that applies a voltage between at least two electrodes disposed so as to come into contact with a complex in which a specimen including a microorganism and a medium including a substrate are in contact with each other; a measuring unit that measures a response when the voltage is applied; a storage unit in which a classifier is stored; and an analysis output unit that applies the substrate and the response to the classifier, and outputs microbiota information regarding the specimen, in which the classifier is a classifier which has been pre-learned by using learning data including known microbiota information regarding a learning specimen, a substrate, and a response to be obtained so as to output, when the substrate used for measurement and the obtained response are input, microbiota information regarding a specimen to be measured.

[Object] To provide a measurement apparatus capable of easily acquiring microbiota information regarding a specimen, and also provide a measurement method and a program.

[Solving Means] A measurement apparatus includes: a voltage applying unit that applies a voltage between at least two electrodes disposed so as to come into contact with a complex in which a specimen including a microorganism and a medium including a substrate are in contact with each other; a measuring unit that measures a response when the voltage is applied; a storage unit in which a classifier is stored; and an analysis output unit that applies the substrate and the response to the classifier, and outputs microbiota information regarding the specimen, in which the classifier is a classifier which has been pre-learned by using learning data including known microbiota information regarding a learning specimen, a substrate, and a response to be obtained so as to output, when the substrate used for measurement and the obtained response are input, microbiota information regarding a specimen to be measured.

A gas sensor element includes: an element base being a ceramic structure including a sensing part; and a leading-end protective layer being a porous layer disposed around an outer periphery of the element base in a predetermined range on a side of the sensing part. The leading-end protective layer includes: a first layer disposed at least on two main surfaces of the element base; a second layer disposed to cover the end portion and four side surfaces of the element base including the two main surfaces; and a third layer disposed to cover the second layer. The second layer has a porosity of 30% to 80%, and has a thickness of 30 to 50 times thickness of the first layer, and the third layer has a porosity of 15% to 30%, and has a thickness of 5 to 10 times the thickness of the first layer.

A gas sensor element includes: an element base being a ceramic structure including a sensing part; and a leading-end protective layer being a porous layer disposed around an outer periphery of the element base in a predetermined range on a side of the sensing part. The leading-end protective layer includes: a first layer disposed at least on two main surfaces of the element base; a second layer disposed to cover the end portion and four side surfaces of the element base including the two main surfaces; and a third layer disposed to cover the second layer. The second layer has a porosity of 30% to 80%, and has a thickness of 30 to 50 times thickness of the first layer, and the third layer has a porosity of 15% to 30%, and has a thickness of 5 to 10 times the thickness of the first layer.

A system and method for an interface reading ion-selective probes through a device with an audio input with stereo output and mono microphone inline input. Using this interface, multiple probes with different voltage ranges can be handled using one output speaker line to control offset while the other controls gain on the signal from the probe. The output from the interface is read and interpreted via the microphone bidirectional input of the device with the audio port. Furthermore, by reading the microphone input, the device with the audio port auto-calibrate and auto-range fear maximum resolution for the microphone's given dynamic range by adjusting the output fix the two speaker lines, the offset and gain.