A method of measuring hematocrit is provided. The method for measuring hematocrit includes the following steps. A test strip is provided. The test strip includes a reaction region and a pair of electrodes disposed in the reaction region. A whole blood sample is entered to the reaction region. After the whole blood sample enters the reaction region, a plurality of sets of square wave voltages are intermittently applied to the pair of electrodes based on a square wave voltammetry method to obtain a plurality of feedbacks related to hematocrit. An interval between two adjacent sets of square wave voltages ranges from 0.1 seconds to 4 seconds. A feedback of an n-th set of square wave voltages is obtained to calculate a hematocrit value of the whole blood sample and n is a positive integer greater than 1. A hematocrit value is calculated according to the feedback.

A method of measuring hematocrit is provided. The method for measuring hematocrit includes the following steps. A test strip is provided. The test strip includes a reaction region and a pair of electrodes disposed in the reaction region. A whole blood sample is entered to the reaction region. After the whole blood sample enters the reaction region, a plurality of sets of square wave voltages are intermittently applied to the pair of electrodes based on a square wave voltammetry method to obtain a plurality of feedbacks related to hematocrit. An interval between two adjacent sets of square wave voltages ranges from 0.1 seconds to 4 seconds. A feedback of an n-th set of square wave voltages is obtained to calculate a hematocrit value of the whole blood sample and n is a positive integer greater than 1. A hematocrit value is calculated according to the feedback.

Provided herein is a method for measuring a concentration of a metal ion in an electrodeposition solution. The method of the present disclosure can substantially reduce the interference of organic additives and different electrode conditions on voltammetric metal ion concentration measurements.

Monodispersed colloidal gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were synthesized by an easy, cost-effective, and eco-friendly synthesis route. The resulting AuNPs exhibited excellent electroanalytical ability to simultaneously detect toxic As(III) and As(V). The limit of quantification (LOQ) toward As(III) was 0.075 ppb (1 nM), which is well below the guideline value approved by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) and the World Health Organization (WHO). Under the optimal conditions, a linear response in the concentration range of from about 0.075 ppb to about 0.03 ppm (1 nM-400 nM) was observed. The method is useful to detect arsenic contamination of water intended for human and animal consumption.

An electrochemical metal alloy identification device employing electrolytes to measure and identify different potentials of alloys is presented. This includes physical structure, disposables, electrical systems, control circuitry, and algorithms to identify alloys.

An electrochemical method for analyzing the presence of certain analytes in a fluid in concentrations as low as parts per trillion without use of reagents. This is done by using a combination of filtration, microfluidics, increasing the electrochemical gradient, while reducing double layer capacitance, the Nernst layer and other methodologies discussed below. Such a method can be used to get data on certain pollutants like heavy metals in real time and then through internet of things send the data to the Cloud. Such a methodology would help form a nervous system for the planet, wherein pollutants are monitored in real time.

The present disclosure provides techniques for determining plating conditions by numerically analyzing a film-thickness distribution. The disclosed techniques comprise performing electrochemical measurement in an electroplating apparatus; determining electrochemical parameters based on a result of the electrochemical measurement; receiving initial plating conditions for performing a plating process; based on the electrochemical parameters and the initial plating conditions, determining a current density distribution on a surface of a substrate based on a function formula which comprises a variable which represents a position on the substrate; based on the current density distribution, calculating a thickness of a film to be plated on the substrate; and performing the plating process based on final plating conditions corresponding to a calculated film-thickness distribution satisfying a desired film-thickness distribution.

The present disclosure provides techniques for determining plating conditions by numerically analyzing a film-thickness distribution. The disclosed techniques comprise performing electrochemical measurement in an electroplating apparatus; determining electrochemical parameters based on a result of the electrochemical measurement; receiving initial plating conditions for performing a plating process; based on the electrochemical parameters and the initial plating conditions, determining a current density distribution on a surface of a substrate based on a function formula which comprises a variable which represents a position on the substrate; based on the current density distribution, calculating a thickness of a film to be plated on the substrate; and performing the plating process based on final plating conditions corresponding to a calculated film-thickness distribution satisfying a desired film-thickness distribution.

An apparatus for measuring a concentration of an analyte in a bio-sample using an electrochemical bio-sensor, includes a connector with a sample cell in which an oxidation/reduction enzyme and an electron transfer mediator are fixed and a working electrode and an counter electrode are provided; a digital-to-analog converter circuit configured to apply a constant DC voltage to start the oxidation/reduction reaction of the analyte, proceed with an electron transfer reaction, and apply a -step ladder-type perturbation potential for fluctuating a potential of the sample cell after applying the constant DC voltage; and a microcontroller configured to control the digital-to-analog converter circuit and directly obtain a concentration value of the analyte from a calibration equation using the -step ladder-type perturbation potential. The apparatus can improve measurement accuracy by effectively minimizing a matrix interference effect of a background material in a bio-sample, particularly an inaccuracy caused by a change in hematocrit.

Disclosed are methods and devices for biomolecular detection, comprising a nanopipette, exemplified as a hollow inert, non-biological structure with a conical tip opening of nanoscale dimensions, suitable for holding an electrolyte solution which may contain an analyte such as a protein biomolecule to be detected as it is passed through the tip opening. Biomolecules are detected by specific reaction with peptide ligands chemically immobilized in the vicinity of the tip. Analytes which bind to the ligands cause a detectible change in ionic current. A sensitive detection circuit, using a feedback amplifier circuit, and alternating voltages is further disclosed. Detection of IL-10 at a concentration of 4 ng/ml is also disclosed, as is detection of VEGF.