A gas detection fuse comprising a thin strip or sheet of a conductive material, such as a metal, connecting two electrodes for detecting a gas of interest. The metal is selected to be reactive with the gas of interest, and has a relatively large surface area, such that when the gas of interest contacts the metal, the electrical connection between the electrodes is broken (e.g., due to the metal losing physical integrity, or becoming non-conductive, as a result of the reaction with the gas). The gas of interest may be chlorine, and the conducting material may be tin. When the tin is exposed to chlorine the tin becomes oxidized to produce liquid tin tetrachloride, thus breaking the electrical connection.

A method and system of providing ultrapure water for semiconductor fabrication operations is provided. The water is treated by utilizing a free radical scavenging system. The free radical scavenging system can utilize actinic radiation with a free radical precursor compound, such as ammonium persulfate. The ultrapure water may be further treated by utilizing ion exchange media and degasification apparatus. A control system can be utilized to regulate a continuously variable intensity of the actinic radiation.

Provided are low flow groundwater fluid sampling systems and related methods of collecting fluid samples, including a low flow pump, flow cell, waste container and a communication device in communication with those components. In this manner, the low flow pump may be controlled to ensure a desired constant flow-rate is achieved, and a remote operator may monitor the status of fluid being pumped to the flow cell with the communication device, such as with a portable electronic device, including a smart phone. The system may alert the operator that fluid is ready to be collected for sampling, including at an off-site laboratory. Particularly useful applications are for monitoring groundwater quality and contamination.

An instrument and a method for simultaneously testing a molecular weight distribution and an organic nitrogen level of a water sample are provided. The instrument comprises: a tail-end injection valve, a chromatographic column, a pressure relief valve, an acid-adding injection valve, an oxygen-adding injection valve, a helical tube for an acid-oxygen reaction, a CO.sub.2 remover, a UV digester, a second gas-water separator membrane, a buffer solution injection valve, a helical tube for a buffer solution reaction, a cadmium column, a chromogenic agent injection valve, a helical tube for a chromogenic agent reaction, and a UV detector, sequentially connected via a pipeline. The tail-end injection valve is for receiving a fluid phase and a sample. The second gas-water separator membrane is connected to an electrical conductivity-based CO2 detector. The UV detector and the electrical conductivity-based CO.sub.2 detector are connected to a data processing computer.

One embodiment provides a method for oxidizing a component in a fluid sample, including: introducing, in a reaction chamber of a total analyte analyzer, a fluid sample comprising a component, wherein the reaction chamber includes an electrochemical cell and wherein the electrochemical cell comprises at least one SP3 substituted solid carbon electrode doped with a conductivity elevating composition; applying, using a generator, a potential to the at least one SP3 substituted solid carbon electrode, the potential being sufficient to oxidize the component in the fluid sample to produce carbonate and partially oxidized organics; introducing, in the reaction chamber, a base and thereafter an acid to oxidize the total analyte; and detecting, using at least one detector, the total analyte produced by the oxidation. Other embodiments are described and claimed.

A gas detection fuse is provided, comprising a thin strip or sheet of a conductive material, such as a metal, connecting two electrodes for detecting a gas of interest. The metal is selected to be reactive with the gas of interest, and has a relatively large surface area, such that when the gas of interest contacts the metal, the electrical connection between the electrodes is broken (e.g., due to the metal losing physical integrity, or becoming non-conductive, as a result of the reaction with the gas). The gas of interest may be chlorine, and the conducting material may be tin. When the tin is exposed to chlorine the tin becomes oxidized to produce liquid tin tetrachloride, thus breaking the electrical connection.

A TOC analyzer for determining a carbon content of a sample includes: a processing unit for removing carbon dioxide gas from the carrier gas before the oxidation of the sample, wherein the processing unit has a binder for binding the carbon dioxide gas from the carrier gas, wherein a defined water content is provided within the binder, wherein the processing unit is configured for moistening the binder by means of water vapor contained in the carrier gas; a condensation unit for condensing the water vapor resulting from the vaporization and/or oxidation of the sample to form a condensate, wherein the condensation unit has an outlet for the condensate toward a moistening unit; and the moistening unit for moistening the carrier gas by means of the condensate. A method for moistening a binder using such a TOC analyzer is further disclosed.

The present patent application relates to a device (1) for measuring the conductivity of a liquid, which comprises a measuring chamber for containing a sampling volume to be irradiated with UV rays formed in a hydraulic body (4) which comprises an inlet channel for feeding the measuring chamber with liquid to be measured and an outlet channel for removing the measured liquid from the measuring chamber, the inlet channel and the outlet channel emerging on either side beyond a surface exposed to the UV rays, such that only the sampling volume contained in the measuring chamber is irradiated. The present patent application is also directed towards a use of such a device and to a purification system comprising such a device.

Provided are low flow groundwater fluid sampling systems and related methods of collecting fluid samples, including a low flow pump, flow cell, waste container and a communication device in communication with those components. In this manner, the low flow pump may be controlled to ensure a desired constant flow-rate is achieved, and a remote operator may monitor the status of fluid being pumped to the flow cell with the communication device, such as with a portable electronic device, including a smart phone. The system may alert the operator that fluid is ready to be collected for sampling, including at an off-site laboratory. Particularly useful applications are for monitoring groundwater quality and contamination.

An embodiment provides a method for oxidizing organic carbon, including: introducing, in a reaction chamber of a total organic carbon analyzer, a fluid sample comprising organic carbon, wherein the reaction chamber includes an electrochemical cell and wherein the electrochemical cell comprises an SP3 substituted solid carbon electrode doped with a conductivity elevating composition; applying, using a generator, a positive potential to the SP3 substituted carbon electrode, the positive potential being sufficient to oxidize organics in the fluid sample to produce carbonate and partially oxidized organics; introducing, in the reaction chamber, at least one acid reagent comprising a metallic catalyst, prior to or substantially simultaneously during the application of the positive potential to the SP3 substituted carbon electrode, that converts the carbonate and the partially oxidized species to carbon dioxide; and detecting, using at least one detector, the carbon dioxide produced by the oxidation. Other aspects are described and claimed.