Methods are described for determining the amount of insulin in a sample. Provided herein are mass spectrometric methods for detecting and quantifying insulin and C-peptide in a biological sample utilizing enrichment and/or purification methods coupled with tandem mass spectrometric or high resolution/high accuracy mass spectrometric techniques. Also provided herein are mass spectrometric methods for detecting and quantifying insulin and b-chain in a biological sample utilizing enrichment and/or purification methods coupled with tandem mass spectrometric or high resolution/high accuracy mass spectrometric techniques.

The present invention relates to a separable cassette for measuring glycated hemoglobin. It is easy to use the separable cassette for measuring glycated hemoglobin of the present invention since a reagent is sequentially leaked during the rotation thereof. In addition, there is no need to shake the reagent beforehand, as the reagent without residual reagent is fully discharged by the rotation. Therefore, the measurement result is accurate because an error between the amount of the reagent used and the amount of sample blood is small.

The present invention relates to a separable cassette for measuring glycated hemoglobin. It is easy to use the separable cassette for measuring glycated hemoglobin of the present invention since a reagent is sequentially leaked during the rotation thereof. In addition, there is no need to shake the reagent beforehand, as the reagent without residual reagent is fully discharged by the rotation. Therefore, the measurement result is accurate because an error between the amount of the reagent used and the amount of sample blood is small.

A system for preparing a sample containing hemoglobin HbA1c for measurement by an electrochemical sensor includes a lysing formulary, the lysing formulary including a zwitterionic surfactant. The system further includes a oxidizing formulary, the oxidizing formulary including a cationic surfactant and a isothiazoline derivative and a protease formulary, the protease formulary including a molecule including an azole.

Artificial blood for a bloodstain pattern analysis includes water, an amino acid solution, bovine serum albumin, hemoglobin from bovine blood, potassium ferricyanide, sodium hyaluronate, sodium chloride, and tar color.

Physiological parameters that related to the kinetics of red blood cell hemoglobin glycation, red blood cell elimination, and red blood cell generation within the body of a subject can be used, for example, to calculate a more reliable calculated HbA1c (cHbA1c), adjusted HbA1c (aHbA1c), and/or a personalized target glucose range, among other things, for subject-personalized diagnoses, treatments, and/or monitoring protocols. Such physiological parameters may be determined using a model that considers cross-membrane glucose transport and glycation.

A biological sample reaction vessel comprising a reagent storage portion and a push rod movable relative to the reagent storage portion is provided. The reagent storage portion comprises at least one reagent containing cavity, and the reagent containing cavity is sealed by a sealing element; and the push rod is connected to the sealing element, and the push rod is used for cooperation with an external device to separate the sealing element from the reagent storage portion. In reaction, the biological sample reaction vessel cooperates with a test cassette. By inserting the biological sample reaction vessel into the external device, the reagent in the reagent storage portion can be released rapidly.

A biological sample reaction vessel comprising a reagent storage portion and a push rod movable relative to the reagent storage portion is provided. The reagent storage portion comprises at least one reagent containing cavity, and the reagent containing cavity is sealed by a sealing element; and the push rod is connected to the sealing element, and the push rod is used for cooperation with an external device to separate the sealing element from the reagent storage portion. In reaction, the biological sample reaction vessel cooperates with a test cassette. By inserting the biological sample reaction vessel into the external device, the reagent in the reagent storage portion can be released rapidly.

The present invention relates to a method for quantitative measurement of catechol estrogen bound protein in blood sample. By detecting adduction levels of binding sites of the catechol estrogen on the protein in blood sample, the catechol estrogen bound protein in the blood sample can be detected quantitatively and a limit of quantitation can be decreased.

A method for assessing an effect of hypoxia on a tissue includes providing a sample of the tissue in a hermetically sealed container, determining a first amount of a reaction substrate (e.g., protocatechuic acid) to be introduced into the sealed container and determining a second amount of a reaction enzyme (e.g., protocatechuate dioxygenase) to be introduced into the sealed container. The method further includes introducing the reaction substrate and the reaction enzyme into the sealed container. At least one of the first amount of the reaction substrate and the second amount of the reaction enzyme is selected to induce at least one of a predetermined amount of hypoxia less than anoxia and a predetermined rate of hypoxia in the tissue during a reaction between the reaction substrate and the reaction enzyme. Values of properties of the tissue can be measured before and after the reaction to assess effects of hypoxia.