A method of evaluating microwave characteristics includes the steps of: (A) measuring thermal diffusion features and microwave characteristics of at least three mode samples to obtain at least three data points, wherein the mode samples include identical constituents but at different ratios thereof; (B) obtaining a mathematical relation between the data points by linear regression; (C) measuring a thermal diffusion feature of a sample under test, wherein the sample under test and the mode samples include identical constituents; and (D) substituting the thermal diffusion feature of the sample under test into the mathematical relation to evaluate a microwave characteristic of the sample under test. The method is applicable to a ceramic material to evaluate microwave characteristics of the ceramic material.

A method for calculating the change in percent voids between a reference location and a second location in a medium. The method includes obtaining a reference reflection coefficient of an electromagnetic wave reflection at the reference location, and a second reflection coefficient of an electromagnetic wave reflection at the second location. The obtained reflection coefficients are used to calculate a percent change in reflection coefficient. A reflection conversion factor correlating the change in the reflection coefficient to a change in percent voids in the medium is calculated and is used to calculate a change in percent voids between the reference and second locations based on the calculated percent change in reflection coefficients.

Provided is a capacitive sensor in which fluctuation in the measured value of capacitance caused by the use environment is small. Disclosed is a capacitive sensor which includes a sensor sheet and a measuring instrument, the sensor sheet including a central electrode layer; a first dielectric layer laminated on the upper surface of the central electrode layer; a second dielectric layer laminated on the lower surface of the central electrode layer; a first outer electrode layer formed on the surface of the first dielectric layer on the opposite side of the central electrode layer side; and a second outer electrode layer formed on the surface of the second dielectric layer on the opposite side of the central electrode layer side, in which the first dielectric layer and the second dielectric layer are formed from elastomers, the part where the central electrode layer and the first outer electrode layer face each other is designated as a first detection portion, while the part where the central electrode layer and the second outer electrode layer face each other is designated as a second detection portion, the sensor sheet is reversibly deformable, and the capacitances of the first detection portion and the second detection portion change with deformation. The state of deformation of the sensor sheet is measured on the basis of the total capacitance by adding the capacitance of the first detection portion and the capacitance of the second detection potion.

A method for generating a calibration curve of asphalt concrete of a known mix. Initially, a single sample of the known asphalt concrete mix is obtained. The single sample has a known percent voids. A dielectric measurement of the single sample is obtained. Using only the dielectric measurement of the single sample, the sample's known percent voids, and a dielectric of air, a theoretical ideal dielectric for the asphalt concrete mix at 0% voids is computed. A dielectric vs. percent voids calibration curve is generated based on the computed ideal dielectric.

A method and system of a method of measuring complex dielectric constant and permeability includes directing two polarizations onto a material under test and measuring one or more values of reflection coefficients. Further, the method includes integrating a p-wave reflection coefficient and a s-wave reflection coefficient and calculating, based on the measured one or more values of the reflection coefficients in association with a Brewster's angle, one or more of a complex dielectric constant and permeability.

An apparatus for evaluating an electrical insulator includes: a frame having a base and a pair of spaced-apart resilient arms each having a distal end; and a flexible probe disposed between the arms, the flexible probe being generally U-shaped and having a pair of distal ends, each distal end of the probe being connected to a respective distal end of one of the arms.

A method of monitoring a substance in a well can include disposing at least one optical electromagnetic sensor and at least one electromagnetic transmitter in the well, and inducing strain in the sensor, the strain being indicative of an electromagnetic parameter of the substance in an annulus between a casing and a wellbore of the well. A system for monitoring a substance in a well can include at least one electromagnetic transmitter, and at least one optical electromagnetic sensor with an optical waveguide extending along a wellbore to a remote location, the sensor being positioned external to a casing in the wellbore.

A method for generating a calibration curve of asphalt concrete of a known mix. Initially, a single sample of the known asphalt concrete mix is obtained. The single sample has a known percent voids. A dielectric measurement of the single sample is obtained. Using only the dielectric measurement of the single sample, the sample's known percent voids, and a dielectric of air, a theoretical ideal dielectric for the asphalt concrete mix at 0% voids is computed. A dielectric vs. percent voids calibration curve is generated based on the computed ideal dielectric.

Methods and systems for rating a current substrate support assembly based on impedance circuit electron flow are provided. Data associated with an amount of radio frequency (RF) power flowed through an electrical component of a current substrate support assembly during a current testing process performed for the current substrate support assembly is provided as input to a trained machine learning model. One or more outputs of the trained machine learning model are obtained. A measurement value for an electron flow across an impedance circuit of the current substrate support assembly is extracted from the one or more outputs. In response to a determination that the extracted measurement value for the electron flow satisfies an electron flow criterion, a first quality rating is assigned to the current substrate support assembly.

The present invention relates to a method and monitoring device, for monitoring N number of transformer bushings operating in substantially the same environment. N being any number more than 1. The method comprises estimating an absolute value for the capacitances of each of the bushings, the absolute values for the capacitances being denoted C.sub.x, and estimating an absolute value for the loss factor or the power factor of each of the bushings, the absolute values for the loss factors or the power factors being denoted F.sub.x. X is a number representing which bushing the value is associated to and X larger than 1. The method further comprises calculating Δ-values for all C values and Δ-values for all F values, according to:

ΔC.sub.X=C.sub.X−C.sub.X+1, for all values up to, and including, ΔC.sub.N−1,

ΔC.sub.N=C.sub.N−C.sub.1, for ΔC.sub.N,

ΔF.sub.X=F.sub.X−F.sub.X+1, for all values up to, and including, ΔF.sub.N−1,

ΔF.sub.N=F.sub.N−F.sub.1, for ΔF.sub.N,

and determining whether the Δ-values are within predefined ranges.