An optical apparatus, comprising a semiconductor substrate, a dielectric layer located on the semiconductor substrate, wherein a membrane portion of the dielectric layer is located over a cavity in a surface of the semiconductor substrate, a resistive heater located on the membrane portion, the resistive heater being controllable by a current applied to the resistive heater and an etalon optical filter located on the resistive heater and over the cavity, an optical passband of the etalon optical filter being wavelength tunable by the resistive heater. A method of manufacturing the optical apparatus is also disclosed.

A spectral apparatus includes: an interference filter that includes a pair of reflection films and outputs light having a spectral wavelength corresponding to a gap size between the pair of reflection films; a gap sensor that detects the gap size; and one or more processors configured to detect an error based on a difference between the spectral wavelength corresponding to the gap size detected by the gap sensor and a target wavelength of light to be output from the interference filter. The one or more processors detect an error when an integration value obtained by integrating, on a time axis, an absolute value of the difference exceeds a threshold value.

An optical filter includes a first mirror that has a first uniform thickness, a second mirror that has a second uniform thickness, and a spacer that is positioned between the first mirror and the second mirror. The spacer has a variable thickness along a first axis of the optical filter. In some implementations, a thickness profile of the spacer, along the first axis, includes one or more portions that have a non-linear slope with an absolute value that is greater than zero.

A method employs a device with a heterostructure as a resonator for electrons of an electrical circuit or for a terahertz electromagnetic wave. The heterostructure comprises at least one dielectric layer and at least one ferroelectric layer. The at least one ferroelectric layer comprises a plurality of ferroelectric polarization domains. The plurality of ferroelectric polarization domains forms a polarization pattern. The polarization pattern is adapted to perform an oscillation with a resonance frequency in a terahertz frequency range. The method comprises functionally coupling the oscillation of the polarization pattern and an oscillation of the electrons of the electrical circuit or of the terahertz electromagnetic wave by the device.

A transportation method for transporting an object including a plurality of Fabry-Perot interference filters, the transportation method including a first step of accommodating the object in an accommodating container, wherein the Fabry-Perot interference filter includes a substrate, a first mirror portion and a second mirror portion provided on the substrate to face each other via a gap and in which a distance from each other is variable, and in the first step, the object is accommodated and supported in the accommodating container in a state where the plurality of Fabry-Perot interference filters is two-dimensionally arranged.

Systems and methods provide technology for a tunable vehicle window system to adjust a view for a window. The technology includes a window assembly comprising a tunable optical metamaterial deployed on a surface of a window, the tunable optical metamaterial including a transparent electroactive substrate having disposed thereon an optically active particle array, the optically active particle array including resonators having elongated members arranged in two or more orientations. The technology includes a controller to receive a signal from a photosensor indicative of a condition of incoming light to the vehicle, determine a change in a view for the window assembly based on the received photosensor signal, and control a voltage applied to the substrate to selectively expand or contract the substrate within a plane substantially parallel to the window surface and in a manner to adjust the view for the window assembly according to the determined view change.

An optical filter, a spectrometer including the optical filter, and an electronic apparatus including the optical filter are disclosed. The optical filter includes a first reflector including a plurality of first structures that are periodically two-dimensionally arranged, each of the first structures having a ring shape, and a second reflector spaced apart from the first reflector and including a plurality of second structures that are periodically two-dimensionally arranged.

A method employs a device with a heterostructure as a resonator for electrons of an electrical circuit or for a terahertz electromagnetic wave. The heterostructure comprises at least one dielectric layer and at least one ferroelectric layer. The at least one ferroelectric layer comprises a plurality of ferroelectric polarization domains. The plurality of ferroelectric polarization domains forms a polarization pattern. The polarization pattern is adapted to perform an oscillation with a resonance frequency in a terahertz frequency range. The method comprises functionally coupling the oscillation of the polarization pattern and an oscillation of the electrons of the electrical circuit or of the terahertz electromagnetic wave by the device.

The invention relates to an optoelectronic emitter with angular scanning, comprising an array of resonant cavities (20.sub.i) each extending longitudinally along a first axis (X), each designed to emit, via their emission face, an elementary light beam at a resonant frequency f.sub.r(i)) specific to each resonant cavity 20.sub.i, in response to a pulsed optical excitation signal designed to illuminate and to excite all of the resonant cavities 20.sub.i, simultaneously, and configured to exhibit a variation in resonant frequencies f.sub.r(i) from one resonant cavity 20.sub.i to the next, along a second axis (Y) of the array perpendicular to the first axis (X), the angular scanning of the optoelectronic emitter (1) then taking place in a plane perpendicular to that of the substrate (3) and containing the second axis (Y).

The disclosure relates to a mirror device for an interferometer device including a first mirror layer and a second mirror layer, which are arranged in parallel on top of one another and spaced apart from one another by a mirror layer spacing. The mirror layer spacing forms an intermediate space between the first and the second mirror layer. The intermediate space includes a gas or a vacuum, and at least one spacing structure which extends at least partially between the first and the second mirror layer. The spacing structure has a material that is the same as or different from the first and/or second mirror layer.