Stent apparatuses are provided. In some embodiments, the stent apparatus comprises: a tubular body; and at least two induction loops capable of generating an electrical current in the presence of one or more of magnetic, electrical, and radiofrequency energy. The stent apparatus may be placed in a non-target bodily tissue during surgery and used to sense the proximity of an electrosurgical instrument to prevent injury to the non-target tissue. Also provided herein are related systems and methods for protecting and/or mapping the non-target bodily tissue having the stent apparatus placed therein.

Stent apparatuses are provided. In some embodiments, the stent apparatus comprises: a tubular body; and at least two induction loops capable of generating an electrical current in the presence of one or more of magnetic, electrical, and radiofrequency energy. The stent apparatus may be placed in a non-target bodily tissue during surgery and used to sense the proximity of an electrosurgical instrument to prevent injury to the non-target tissue. Also provided herein are related systems and methods for protecting and/or mapping the non-target bodily tissue having the stent apparatus placed therein.

A device, system, and method for treating an area of tissue and evaluating lesion formation and quality. The system may include a medical device having a plurality of mapping electrodes on a treatment element, the plurality of mapping electrodes being configured to record from the area of tissue at least one of unipolar impedance measurements, bipolar impedance measurements, local electrical activity, and pace threshold measurements before, during, and after circulation of the cryogenic fluid within the treatment element. These measurements may be transmitted to a control unit having processing circuitry configured to compare pre-treatment measurements, in-treatment measurements, and/or post-treatment measurements to each other and/or to threshold values to determine occlusion and/or lesion quality, such as lesion transmurality.

A device, system, and method for treating an area of tissue and evaluating lesion formation and quality. The system may include a medical device having a plurality of mapping electrodes on a treatment element, the plurality of mapping electrodes being configured to record from the area of tissue at least one of unipolar impedance measurements, bipolar impedance measurements, local electrical activity, and pace threshold measurements before, during, and after circulation of the cryogenic fluid within the treatment element. These measurements may be transmitted to a control unit having processing circuitry configured to compare pre-treatment measurements, in-treatment measurements, and/or post-treatment measurements to each other and/or to threshold values to determine occlusion and/or lesion quality, such as lesion transmurality.

Systems, devices, and methods for interfacing with biological tissue are described herein. An example electrode patch as described herein includes a flexible substrate and an electrode array arranged on the flexible substrate. The electrode array includes a plurality of electrodes, where each of the plurality of electrodes is formed of a hydrogel. Additionally, each of the plurality of electrodes defines a raised geometry. Additionally, an example system includes the electrode patch, which is configured to interface with a subject's skin, and an electronics module operably coupled to the electrode array.

Systems, devices, and methods for interfacing with biological tissue are described herein. An example electrode patch as described herein includes a flexible substrate and an electrode array arranged on the flexible substrate. The electrode array includes a plurality of electrodes, where each of the plurality of electrodes is formed of a hydrogel. Additionally, each of the plurality of electrodes defines a raised geometry. Additionally, an example system includes the electrode patch, which is configured to interface with a subject's skin, and an electronics module operably coupled to the electrode array.

Embodiments described relate to a medical device including an invasive probe such as a guidewire that, when inserted into a duct (e.g. vasculature) of an animal (e.g., a human or non-human animal, including a human or non-human mammal), may be used to aid in diagnosing and/or treating a lesion of the duct (e.g. a growth or deposit within vasculature that fully or partially blocks the vasculature). The invasive probe may have one or more impedance sensors to sense characteristics of the lesion, including by detecting one or more characteristics of tissues and/or biological materials of the lesion. There is further described a method of assembling such a medical device.

A dynamic impedance imaging system includes a dynamic impedance imaging sensor, an impedance detection and flow rate measurement module and an electrical impedance tomography (EIT) instrument. The impedance detection and flow rate measurement module is configured to detect an abnormal particle flowing through the dynamic impedance imaging sensor to obtain a flow rate of the abnormal particle, and generate a synchronous trigger signal. The EIT instrument is configured to inject a sinusoidal excitation current into the dynamic impedance imaging sensor under the trigger of the synchronous trigger signal, perform multi-channel interleaved sampled for the abnormal particle according to the flow rate to acquire multi-channel sampled data, and calibrate the multi-channel sampled data to implement impedance tomography imaging for the abnormal particle.

A dynamic impedance imaging system includes a dynamic impedance imaging sensor, an impedance detection and flow rate measurement module and an electrical impedance tomography (EIT) instrument. The impedance detection and flow rate measurement module is configured to detect an abnormal particle flowing through the dynamic impedance imaging sensor to obtain a flow rate of the abnormal particle, and generate a synchronous trigger signal. The EIT instrument is configured to inject a sinusoidal excitation current into the dynamic impedance imaging sensor under the trigger of the synchronous trigger signal, perform multi-channel interleaved sampled for the abnormal particle according to the flow rate to acquire multi-channel sampled data, and calibrate the multi-channel sampled data to implement impedance tomography imaging for the abnormal particle.

The disclosed 2-D resistance tomographic imaging method optimizes computation speed for performing electrical impedance tomography using a model-space with a minimal number of orthonormal polynomial basis functions to describe discernable features in the 2-D resistance tomographic image, determining a minimal number of contacts to take fewer measurements than available information based on the number of basis functions, selecting a subset of rows of a matrix of calculated sensitivity coefficients to form a square Jacobian matrix for a linearized forward problem to be solved and inversion of the linear forward problem, and solving an inverse problem based on the square Jacobian matrix by performing at least one iteration of a Newton's method solve.