A projection display apparatus of the present disclosure includes a solid state light source that emits blue light in a first wavelength range; a wheel having a light-emitting body that emits emission light in a second wavelength range closer to the longer wavelengths than the first wavelength range is and adjacent to the first wavelength range, in response to irradiation with the blue light; a light uniformizing element that uniformizes the blue light and the emission light; a light modulation element that modulates light uniformized by the light uniformizing element; and a projection unit that projects the light modulated by the light modulation element. An end of the light-emitting body that the blue light enters has a dichroic coating that partly reflects the blue light and transmits emission light.

In various embodiments, optical fibers have arrangements of core, annular core, and cladding regions enabling variation of beam shape and/or beam parameter product and may be utilized for the processing (e.g., welding, cutting, drilling, etc.) of various workpieces.

Disclosed are transparent energy relay waveguide systems for the superimposition of holographic opacity modulation states for holographic, light field, virtual, augmented and mixed reality applications. The light field system may comprise one or more energy waveguide relay systems with one or more energy modulation elements, each energy modulation element configured to modulate energy passing therethrough, whereby the energy passing therethrough may be directed according to 4D plenoptic functions or inverses thereof.

Disclosed are an optical system for conditioning a beam of radiation, and an illumination system and metrology apparatus comprising such an optical system. The optical system comprises one or more optical mixing elements in an optical system. The optical system defines at least a first optical mixing stage, at least a second optical mixing stage, and at least one transformation stage, configured such that radiation entering the second optical mixing stage includes a transformed version of radiation exiting the first optical mixing stage. The first and second optical mixing stages can be provided using separate optical mixing elements, or by multiple passes through the same optical mixing element. The transformation stage can be a Fourier transformation stage. Both spatial distribution and angular distribution of illumination can be homogenized as desired.

The present disclosure relates to a holographic display device and an electronic device. The holographic display device may include a light source, a light transmission structure, a first photonic crystal group, and a spatial light modulator. The light transmission structure has a light incident surface and a light exiting surface. The first photonic crystal group is disposed between the light incident surface and the light source. The first photonic crystal group includes various photonic crystals for dividing light emitted by the light source into light beams of different colors. The light beams of different colors are transmitted into the light transmission structure through the light incident surface and emitted through the light exiting surface. The spatial light modulator corresponds to the light exiting surface for modulating light beams of different colors emitted from the light exiting surface to form a holographic image.

A dual light source enhanced integration system is provided. The system comprises: a first light source and a second light source with overlapping spectra; a light integrator configured to integrate light and having a first light entrance face and a second light entrance face; and, a beamsplitter system configured to about equally distribute light from each of the first light source and the second light source to each of the first light entrance face and the second light entrance face, such that the light from each of the first light source and the second light source is about equally combined at each of the first light entrance face and the second light entrance face.

A device (1) for applying light (4) to an inner surface (2) of a cylinder (3), comprising a homogenizer (14), into which light (4) can enter and from which the light (4) can exit, wherein the homogenizer (14) has a cylindrical internal surface (15), on which the light (4) can be reflected after entering and before exiting, and also comprising ways for introducing light (4) into the homogenizing means (14), and focusing arrangements, which can focus light (4) exiting from the homogenizer (14) onto the inner surface (2) of the cylinder (3) to which light (4) is to be applied.

The purpose of the present disclosure is to provide a small optical integrator for increasing color mixing property and homogeneity. An optical integrator is provided with a light entrance surface and exit surface (002, 003), and side surfaces (004, 005, 006, 007) that connect the entrance surface and the exit surface, and is internally filled with a light guide material having a refractive index. The light guide material contains scattering particles for scattering light that have a refractive index different from the refractive index of the light guide material. The light that has entered via the entrance surface propagates from the entrance surface side toward the exit surface while being scattered by the scattering particles in the light guide material, wherein part of the scattered light is guided to the exit surface by propagating while being confined, by internal reflection on the side surfaces, in the light detector.

An optical device includes a lower surface that is substantially transparent. The optical device further includes an upper surface disposed opposite the lower surface and having a first specular layer disposed thereon. The optical device further includes a first lateral surface extending between the lower surface and the upper surface and having a second specular layer disposed on at least a portion thereof.

A spectroscopic assembly may include a spectrometer. The spectrometer may include an illumination source to generate a light to illuminate a sample. The spectrometer may include a sensor to obtain a spectroscopic measurement based on light, reflected by the sample, from the light illuminating the sample. The spectroscopic assembly may include a light pipe to transfer the light reflected from the sample. The light pipe may include a first opening to receive the spectrometer. The light pipe may include a second opening to receive the sample, such that the sample is enclosed by the light pipe and a base surface when the sample is received at the second opening. The light pipe may be associated with aligning the illumination source and the sensor with the sample.