An optical modulator includes a substrate having an electro-optic effect; a waveguide pattern provided on the substrate and configured to modulate light; and a dummy pattern having a predetermined potential along the waveguide pattern from an input side to an output side.

An optical fiber loop current sensing controller module, which integrates with the electrical power, and data processing and transmission, back-plane of a digital micro-processor relay for modular integration with the protection, metering, and communication functions of an electrical SCADA system. An optical transmitter is energized from a DC source on the digital relay, and emits unpolarized light of known intensity and wavelength to a linear polarizer, and the Stokes vector polarization parameters are calculated from the Mueller Matrix of the linear polarizer and the known intensity of the unpolarized optical input from the transmitter, which is then launched in alignment with the transmission axes of a polarization maintaining optical fiber link to a remote and passive fiber loop current sensor, where the linearly polarized optical pulse traverses a complete circular path around an energized conductor and experiences polarization state rotation in relation to the magnetic flux density which is proportional to current flow based on Ampere's law. The rotated polarized optical pulse is transmitted back to the optical fiber loop current sensing controller module via a return fiber optic cable, where the Stokes vector polarization parameters for the returned optical pulse having experienced Faraday rotation are calculated by splitting the pulse into four components, passing these components through a linear horizontal polarizer, a linear vertical polarizer, a linear polarizer with transmission axis set at 45 degrees, and a right circular polarizer comprised of a quarter wave plate connected to a linear polarizer with transmission axis set at 45 degrees, respectively, and where the four separate output channels of the four polarizing elements are then connected to be orthogonally incident a quadrature array of four separate photodetectors which transduce the optical intensity to electrical quantities, and the four optical receiver outputs connect to a digital data processing bus, where the Stokes vector parameters for the polarized optical pulse are calculated directly from the array of optical intensity values transduced by the photodetectors, and the change in polarization state is calculated by comparing the initial linear polarization Stokes vector parameters reference state transmitted to the remote fiber loop current sensor with the measured Stokes parameters of the rotated polarized optical pulse received back. This data is then converted to a calibrated current measurement, which is transmitted to a signal and data processing back plane of the digital micro processor relay via digital output ports on the optical current sensing controlle

A phase modulation device includes an upper reflective layer onto which incident light is incident; a lower reflective layer provided on a lower portion of the upper reflective layer; an active layer provided between the upper reflective layer and the lower reflective layer; a first electrode connected to an upper surface of the active layer; and a second electrode connected to a lower surface of the active layer, wherein the lower reflective layer may include a first distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) layer including at least one first low refractive material layer and at least one first high refractive material layer that are alternately stacked, and the at least one first low refractive material layer has a first refractive index and the at least one first high refractive material layer has a second refractive index that is greater than the first refractive index.

An etching method includes forming a metal oxide layer including a barium titanate layer or a strontium titanate layer over a substrate, forming a patterned masking layer over the metal oxide layer, performing an anisotropic dry etching process to etch the metal oxide layer in regions not covered by the patterned masking layer, and performing an isotropic wet etching process to remove residual materials not removed by the anisotropic dry etching process and to form a patterned metal oxide layer.

The driver circuit contains a first line, which is to be connected to a first terminal of the Pockels cell (18; PC), and a second line, which is to be connected to a second terminal of the Pockels cell (18; PC), wherein the first line and/or the second line have/has an inductance (14, 15; 24, 25).

An optical device includes a slab layer formed on a lower cladding layer, a core formed on the slab layer, a first metal layer, and a second metal layer. The optical device further includes a first adhesion layer and a second adhesion layer formed between the slab layer on both sides of the core and the first metal layer and the second metal layer. The first metal layer and the second metal layer are formed apart from the core.

A lithium niobate waveguide having weak phase drift includes a lithium niobate layer, a metal electrode, and a substrate layer. The lithium niobate layer includes a lithium niobate central ridge and lithium niobate extension surfaces extending towards two sides of the lithium niobate central ridge. A metal oxide layer is arranged on the upper surface of the lithium niobate central ridge. The substrate layer is located on the lower surface of the lithium niobate layer and is made of silicon, silicon dioxide, a multilayer material made of silicon and silicon dioxide or a multilayer material made of silicon dioxide, metal, and silicon, so as to further realize the purpose of inhibiting phase drift. Compared with other doped structures or other structures, the structure is simple in manufacturing method, and moreover, a very good phase drift suppression effect is achieved.

An electro-optical device includes an electro-optic crystal, a first electrode, and a second electrode. A voltage is applied to the electro-optic crystal by the first electrode and the second electrode. The electro-optic crystal has an incident surface and an emitting surface parallel to each other and deflects incident light made incident on the incident surface at an acute incident angle in an electric field direction in which a voltage is applied. A rotation axis of an incident angle is parallel to the electric field direction.

A system of a tunable metasurface is provided, and the system of a tunable metasurface includes: a wavefront modulator, an optical focusing device, a metasurface; the metasurface includes a plurality of nanostructures made of a phase change material, and a phase change state of the phase change material comprises a crystalline state and an amorphous state; the wavefront modulator is set on a side of the optical focusing device that is far away from the metasurface; and the wavefront modulator is used to modulate a wavefront aberration of incident control lights and emit the control lights after wavefront modulated towards the optical focusing device; the optical focusing device is used to focus wavefront-modulated control lights to form a plurality of focal points; the metasurface is set on a focal plane formed by the plurality of focal points.

An electro-optic modulation structure 110, a method for fabrication of the electro-optic modulation structure, and a method of optical modulation derived from an electro-optic modulation structure with low voltage of operation are disclosed. The low voltage operation of the electro-optic modulator is realized by designed electro-optic modulation structures that include the light confining waveguide 114, overclad layer 120 and modulating electrode structure 116 for applying modulation voltages that are directed towards a low voltage operation of the electro-optic modulation 110 device upon consideration of optimal optical loss.