Systems and methods for minimizing or eliminating transient non-glucose related signal noise due to non-glucose rate limiting phenomenon such as ischemia, pH changes, temperatures changes, and the like. The system monitors a data stream from a glucose sensor and detects signal artifacts that have higher amplitude than electronic or diffusion-related system noise. The system replaces some or the entire data stream continually or intermittently including signal estimation methods that particularly address transient signal artifacts. The system is also capable of detecting the severity of the signal artifacts and selectively applying one or more signal estimation algorithm factors responsive to the severity of the signal artifacts, which includes selectively applying distinct sets of parameters to a signal estimation algorithm or selectively applying distinct signal estimation algorithms.

NADP-dependent oxidoreductase compositions, and electrodes, sensors and systems that include the same. Analyte sensors include an electrode having a sensing layer disposed thereon, the sensing layer comprising a polymer and an enzyme composition distributed therein. The enzyme composition includes nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAD(P).sup.+) or derivative thereof; an NAD(P).sup.+-dependent dehydrogenase; an NAD(P)H oxidoreductase; and an electron transfer agent comprising a transition metal complex.

Disclosed is a system and method for performing measurements on a biological subject, and in one particular example, to performing measurements of analytes in a biological subject by breaching a functional barrier of the subject using microstructures, wherein the one or more microstructures include an aptamer for binding one or more analytes.

Disclosed embodiments include methods and systems including a receiver unit of a glucose monitoring system. The receiver is configured for communicating with a remote transmitter unit coupled with a glucose sensor. The glucose sensor generates data signals associated with a glucose level. The receiver unit includes a processor, a display, and a memory for storing instructions which, when executed by the processor: access a transmitter key associated with the remote transmitter unit; transmit a command to the remote transmitter unit after verifying the transmitter key; receive communication packets from the remote transmitter unit including a first data segment with data signals indicative of the glucose level and a second data segment with information corresponding to a remaining life of the remote transmitter unit; estimate a remaining life of the remote transmitter unit; process the data signals; and output the estimated remaining life and the processed data signals for display.

Microneedle (100, 200, 300, 720) comprising an elongated body (110, 210, 310) extending along a longitudinal axis from a top end to a bottom end on a substrate (300, 710), where the elongated body comprises an upper portion (120, 220, 320) and a lower portion (130, 230, 330). The lower portion (130, 230, 330) comprises an internal capillary bore hole (260, 730) extending into the substrate (300, 710). The upper portion (120, 220, 320) of the elongated body (110, 210, 310) has a semi-enclosed internal void space (140, 240) formed by at least three body sides whereof two body sides join at a sharp edge and a third body side is provided with an opening slit (150, 250, 350) extending from the lower portion (130, 230, 330) of the elongated body (110, 210, 310) to the upper end of the third body side. The top end of the elongated body (110, 210, 310) is configured as a bevel to create a sharp tip at the top of said edge, said bevel extending to the third body side. The semi-enclosed internal void space (140, 240) of the upper portion opening to the internal capillary bore hole of the bottom end of the elongated body (110, 210, 310), and the bottom end of the elongated body is connected to the substrate (300, 710).

Disclosed is a wearable microneedle sensor platform for minimally-invasive, real-time monitoring of key biomarkers. In some aspects, a device includes a wearable epidermal sensor comprising an array of hollowed needles, each hollowed needle having a protruded needle structure including multiple layers forming a hollow interior, at least one hollowed needle including a working electrode to interact with one or more chemical or biological substances that come in contact with the protruded needle structure, at least one hollowed needle including a counter electrode to measure an electrical potential difference with the working electrode; and a wireless transmitter in communication with the sensor to generate output signals based on the electrical potential difference with the working electrode. The output signal represents β-hydroxybutyrate as a biomarker of ketone bodies.

Data-stream bridging for sensor transitions is described. A first data stream of glucose measurements is received from a first glucose sensor worn by a user. A termination event for the first glucose sensor is detected when production and/or communication of the first glucose measurements via the first data stream ceases. Next, a second data stream of glucose measurements is received from a second glucose sensor worn by the user that replaces the first glucose sensor. During a warmup period for the second glucose sensor, estimated glucose values are output for the user based on both the first data stream of glucose measurements received from the first glucose sensor prior to the termination event and the second data stream of glucose measurements received from the second glucose sensor.

A single flex double-sided electrode useful in a continuous glucose monitoring sensor. In one example, a counter electrode is placed on the back-side of the flex and a work electrode is placed on the top-side of the sensor flex. The electrode is fabricated on physical vapor deposited metal deposited on a base substrate. Adhesion of the electrode to the base substrate is carefully controlled so that the electrode can be processed on the substrate and subsequently removed from the substrate after processing.

An embodiment of a sensor device includes a base substrate, a circuit pattern formed overlying the interior surface of the substrate, a physiological characteristic sensor element on the exterior surface of the substrate, conductive plug elements located in vias formed through the substrate, each conductive plug element having one end coupled to a sensor electrode, and having another end coupled to the circuit pattern, a multilayer component stack carried on the substrate and connected to the circuit pattern, the stack including features and components to provide processing and wireless communication functionality for sensor data obtained in association with operation of the sensor device, and an enclosure structure coupled to the substrate to enclose the interior surface of the substrate, the circuit pattern, and the stack.

Systems, devices, and methods are provided for changing the power state of a sensor control device in an in vivo analyte monitoring system in various manners, such as through the use of external stimuli (light, magnetics) and RF transmissions.