Disclosed herein are novel 3D microelectrode arrays (3D MEA) that include a substrate body (e.g. chip), microneedles, traces, and a well, wherein the 3D MEA provides for transfer of electrical signals on one side of the substrate body to the other side of the substrate body. Methods for using 3D MEAs to grow electrogenic cells and obtain electrophysiological signals are disclosed as well. Fabrication techniques for producing the 3D MEAs are also disclosed.

Neuromuscular block characterization techniques are disclosed. A muscle movement measurement device generates, unprompted by impulse stimulation to a subject from an external source, at least one signal representative of muscle movement measurements at at least one location of a body of the subject while the subject is experiencing neuromuscular paralysis caused by biophysiological processes at neuromuscular synapses throughout the body including remote from the at least one location. A processing circuit runs a neuromuscular block analysis module that receives the at least one signal, analyzes the muscle movement measurements embedded in the at least one signal, and determines a degree of neuromuscular blockade associated with the neuromuscular paralysis being experienced by the subject. The processing circuitry further generates, for display via a display device, an indication of the degree of the neuromuscular blockade at each said location on the body.

Disclosed is an instrument assembly for a selected procedure. The procedure may include a dissection and neural monitoring. The instrument may be insulated to allow for a selected and precise electrical conductive path.

Disclosed is an instrument assembly for a selected procedure. The procedure may include a dissection and neural monitoring. The instrument may be insulated to allow for a selected and precise electrical conductive path.

A method for providing electrical stimulation to a user as a user performs a set of tasks during a time window, the method comprising: providing an electrical stimulation treatment, characterized by a stimulation parameter and a set of portions, to a brain region of the user in association with the time window; for each task of the set of tasks: receiving a signal stream characterizing a neurological state of the user; from the signal stream, identifying a neurological signature characterizing the neurological state associated with the task; and modulating the electrical stimulation treatment provided to the brain region of the user based upon the neurological signature, wherein modulating comprises delivering a portion of the set of portions of the electrical stimulation treatment to the brain region of the user, while maintaining an aggregate amount of the stimulation parameter of the treatment provided during the time window below a maximum limit.

An intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring (IONM) system for identifying and assessing neural structures comprises at least one probe, at least one reference electrode, at least one strip or grid electrode, at least one sensing electrode, and a stimulation module. Threshold responses determined by stimulation during a surgical procedure are used to identify and assess functionality of neural structures. The identified neural structures are avoided and preserved while diseased or damaged tissue is resected during said surgical procedure.

An intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring (IONM) system for identifying and assessing neural structures comprises at least one probe, at least one reference electrode, at least one strip or grid electrode, at least one sensing electrode, and a stimulation module. Threshold responses determined by stimulation during a surgical procedure are used to identify and assess functionality of neural structures. The identified neural structures are avoided and preserved while diseased or damaged tissue is resected during said surgical procedure.

An automated EP analysis apparatus for monitoring, detecting and identifying changes (adverse or recovering) to a physiological system generating the analyzed EPs, wherein the apparatus is adapted to characterize and classify EPs and create alerts of changes (adverse or recovering) to the physiological systems generating the EPs if the acquired EP waveforms change significantly in latency, amplitude or morphology.

An automated EP analysis apparatus for monitoring, detecting and identifying changes (adverse or recovering) to a physiological system generating the analyzed EPs, wherein the apparatus is adapted to characterize and classify EPs and create alerts of changes (adverse or recovering) to the physiological systems generating the EPs if the acquired EP waveforms change significantly in latency, amplitude or morphology.

A method includes, for each corresponding electrode of one or more electrodes attached to a head of a patient, receiving corresponding electrical activity data representing neural activity within a corresponding area of a brain of the patient based on corresponding electrical activity measured by the corresponding electrode. The method also includes receiving stimulation data representing a plurality of stimulation times each corresponding to a stimulation applied to the patient while the one or more electrodes are attached to the head of the patient, and processing the corresponding electrical activity data and the stimulation data to determine a modulation depth for the patient. The method also includes assessing, based on the modulation depth, cognitive impairment of the patient due to a diagnosis of schizophrenia.