An apparatus and method for early detection of dementia overcomes the shortcomings of conventional systems and methods for detecting dementia. This is achieved by providing an apparatus and method for employing an early dementia biomarker based on the response to sensory stimulation during sleep, such as during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep.

An apparatus and method for employing the macro- and micro-structure of sleep and similar states of consciousness to optimize pain-treatment are disclosed wherein an objective biomarker of pain-related sleep disturbance guides pain treatment from a sleep perspective. Furthermore, this concept can be extended to states of reduced consciousness such as coma or sedation. Additionally, it could be applied on individuals who are non-communicative due to injury, disease, language issues and/or infancy.

An apparatus and method for employing the macro- and micro-structure of sleep and similar states of consciousness to optimize pain-treatment are disclosed wherein an objective biomarker of pain-related sleep disturbance guides pain treatment from a sleep perspective. Furthermore, this concept can be extended to states of reduced consciousness such as coma or sedation. Additionally, it could be applied on individuals who are non-communicative due to injury, disease, language issues and/or infancy.

A method of determining a sleep phenotype of a subject includes defining a stimulus profile, defining a response profile, administering the stimulus profile to the subject, collecting response data of the subject in accordance with the response profile; comparing the response data to a set of reference data, and determining sleep phenotype based on the comparison of the response data to the reference data. The method is characterized by determining sleep phenotype based on measuring responses to administered stimuli rather than observing typical physiological data observed during periods of sleep.

An apparatus and method for detecting undiagnosed sleep disordered breathing uses daytime sleepiness and nighttime Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) severity. This involves detecting people with excessive daytime sleepiness (and high likelihood of falling asleep during the day) caused by OSA through objective and subjective daytime and nighttime monitoring. Screening is provided for those who are most likely to be suffering a daytime impact of their sleep apnea and thus most likely to respond positively to a potential diagnosis, and notifying these people is also provided.

A system includes facilitating therapy with couples working together for perceiving shared positive benefits by treating sleep disordered breathing issues. Spousal influence can greatly influence and motivate the patient in continuing the therapy. Moreover, through monitoring bed partners' sleep using wearable data, causal information about whose sleep is affecting whom can be inferred. Users can be prompted to seek diagnosis and treatment for sleep disordered breathing conditions and can be used to help coach around therapy adherence.

A method is provided of generating behavior recommendations for a user, and communicating these to a user by means of a linguistic message, and wherein the recommended behavior or properties of the linguistic message are configured based on a measure of circadian inconsistency for the user. The measure of circadian inconsistency is derived by comparing an expected circadian curve of the user (e.g. an average curve derived from historical data for the user) with an empirical circadian curve for a given day. A deviation between the two provides an indication of the circadian inconsistency for the given day, and this is used to inform content, timing, wording, or other properties of the behavior recommendations.

An electrical stimulation device is provided. The electrical stimulation device according to one embodiment of the present inventive concept is worn on the head so as to apply electrical stimulation to the brain, and comprises: a frame to be worn on the head; an electrode structure including an electrode part formed of a conductive member and a cover unit formed of an insulating member covering at least a part of the electrode part, and of which one end is connected to the frame; and a patch detachable from the electrode structure and making contact with the head when attached to the electrode structure.

Apparatus, system, and computer-readable media measure electroencephalography (EEG) signals or ERG signals generated from a device that presents a series of images on a timing cycle to a subject. The apparatus comprises a Central Processing Unit (CPU), Power Supply Unit (PSU), Random Access Memory (RAM), and a hard drive (HDD). The apparatus further includes at least one electrode and a photo-sensor like a photodiode for conversion of light into electric current. The CPU is operable with software for converting the EEG or ERG signals evoked from the visual stimuli to provide data and retrieving the status of EEG signals.

Apparatus, system, and computer-readable media measure electroencephalography (EEG) signals or ERG signals generated from a device that presents a series of images on a timing cycle to a subject. The apparatus comprises a Central Processing Unit (CPU), Power Supply Unit (PSU), Random Access Memory (RAM), and a hard drive (HDD). The apparatus further includes at least one electrode and a photo-sensor like a photodiode for conversion of light into electric current. The CPU is operable with software for converting the EEG or ERG signals evoked from the visual stimuli to provide data and retrieving the status of EEG signals.