A semiconductor device with improved generation function of unique information is provided. The semiconductor device includes an integrated circuit designed or fabricated based on a general design condition or manufacturing condition, an input/output circuit, and a unique-information generation circuit to generate unique information of the semiconductor device. The unique-information generation circuit includes a circuit for PUF and a code-generation unit. The circuit for PUF is fabricated based on the design condition or manufacturing condition which is different from the general design condition or manufacturing condition and has a factor which makes variations of circuit components become large. The code-generation unit generates codes based on the output of the circuit for PUF.

An air purifier filter system comprises an air purifier filter unit and a machine readable identifier which provides information concerning the filter unit type and performance information specific to a target pollutant to be filtered by said air purifier filter unit from a plurality of different pollutants that can be filtered by that filter unit type. This information can be used to provide an end of life prediction for the filter unit or provide advice that the filter should be changed for other reasons. This enables the user to be given advance warning, and to be given instructions when it is time to change the filter unit. The instructions to change the filter unit may be more accurate than a simple timer as they can take account of the type of filter unit and the performance information. In some examples the use history of the filter unit may also be used to predict the time when it should be changed.

A communication device includes a communicator that communicates with an RF tag in a non-contact manner, a communication unit that exchanges data with a host device, and a controller that controls the communicator and the communication unit. Every time the communicator sequentially reads data from the RF tag that passes a communication-feasible region near the communicator at regular time intervals or irregular time intervals, the controller updates first data to be exchanged with the host device by the communication unit so as to include the read data. Also, the controller updates second data to be exchanged with the host device by the communication unit to a value different from a previous value in association with timing with which the first data is updated.

A communication device includes a communicator that communicates with an RF tag in a non-contact manner, a communication unit that exchanges data with a host device, and a controller that controls the communicator and the communication unit. Every time the communicator sequentially reads data from the RF tag that passes a communication-feasible region near the communicator at regular time intervals or irregular time intervals, the controller updates first data to be exchanged with the host device by the communication unit so as to include the read data. Also, the controller updates second data to be exchanged with the host device by the communication unit to a value different from a previous value in association with timing with which the first data is updated.

An example method is carried out in a warehouse environment having a plurality of inventory items located therein, each having a corresponding on-item identifier. The method involves determining a target inventory item having a target on-item identifier. The method also involves determining that a first inventory item having a first on-item identifier is loaded onto a first robotic device. The method further involves transmitting a request to verify the first on-item identifier. The method still further involves receiving data captured by a sensor of the second robotic device. The method yet further involves (i) analyzing the received data to determine the first on-item identifier, (ii) comparing the first on-item identifier and the target on-item identifier, and (iii) responsive to comparing the first on-item identifier and the target on-item identifier, performing an action.

A closed-loop control device to control a system to be controlled includes a front node, back node, external tapping point, controller and compensating circuit. The compensating circuit has an inner node, frequency filter, front buffer and back buffer. The front node determines a difference; the back node supplies an external sum signal. A setting device automatically suppresses use of the output signal of the front buffer, supplies the back buffer and the back node with a first excitation signal as the compensation signal and detects a first result signal produced by the first excitation signal. The first result signal is one of the control difference, internal sum signal, output filtered signal of the frequency filter or output signal of the front buffer. The setting device evaluates the first excitation signal and the first result signal, sets a parameter of the frequency filter and the second propagation delay.

A closed-loop control device to control a system to be controlled includes a front node, back node, external tapping point, controller and compensating circuit. The compensating circuit has an inner node, frequency filter, front buffer and back buffer. The front node determines a difference; the back node supplies an external sum signal. A setting device automatically suppresses use of the output signal of the front buffer, supplies the back buffer and the back node with a first excitation signal as the compensation signal and detects a first result signal produced by the first excitation signal. The first result signal is one of the control difference, internal sum signal, output filtered signal of the frequency filter or output signal of the front buffer. The setting device evaluates the first excitation signal and the first result signal, sets a parameter of the frequency filter and the second propagation delay.

The invention provides a transparent product to which management information is provided such that said management information can be reliably transmitted, which is devised such that even though the product is used under a harsh environment, the indicated management information will be not peeled off, and a production method for the transparent product. The invention provides a transparent product provided with management information and indicating the management information for managing the product, characterized in that said management information is provided at a site where the product has a thickness, and inside thereof in the thickness direction, in which said management information can be visually recognized through at least one of the surfaces of said product in the thickness direction.

An information processing system includes a terminal apparatus that sends the received machine-type identification information and state history information received from the monitoring target apparatus by near field communication, an information processing apparatus that receives the machine-type identification information and the state history information from the terminal apparatus, and a storage apparatus that accumulates machine-type identification information identifying a machine type of a monitoring target apparatus and normal-state history information in an associated manner. When the information processing apparatus receives the machine-type identification information and state history information about a certain monitoring target apparatus from the terminal apparatus, the information processing apparatus compares the normal-state history information accumulated in the storage apparatus in association with the machine-type identification information and the received state history information, judges whether an operation state of the monitoring target apparatus is normal, and sends a judgment result to the terminal apparatus.

An information processing system includes a terminal apparatus that sends the received machine-type identification information and state history information received from the monitoring target apparatus by near field communication, an information processing apparatus that receives the machine-type identification information and the state history information from the terminal apparatus, and a storage apparatus that accumulates machine-type identification information identifying a machine type of a monitoring target apparatus and normal-state history information in an associated manner. When the information processing apparatus receives the machine-type identification information and state history information about a certain monitoring target apparatus from the terminal apparatus, the information processing apparatus compares the normal-state history information accumulated in the storage apparatus in association with the machine-type identification information and the received state history information, judges whether an operation state of the monitoring target apparatus is normal, and sends a judgment result to the terminal apparatus.