Apparatus, consisting of a probe, containing a lumen and having a distal end configured to contact tissue of a living subject. A temperature sensor is located at the distal end, and a pump, having a pump motor, is coupled to deliver a cryogenic fluid through the lumen to the distal end of the probe and to receive the cryogenic fluid returning from the probe. There is a separator, coupled to separate the returning cryogenic fluid into a returning cryogenic liquid and a returning cryogenic gas, and a flow meter, coupled to measure a rate of flow of the returning cryogenic gas. A processor is configured to control a rate of pumping of the pump motor in response to a temperature measured by the temperature sensor and the rate of flow of the returning cryogenic gas.

A method for use with an intra-body probe, a distal end of which includes an ablation electrode and a temperature sensor, is described. While (i) the ablation electrode is driving an ablating current into tissue of a subject, and (ii) fluid is passed from the distal end of the intra-body probe at a fluid-flow rate, a processor receives a temperature sensed by the temperature sensor. The processor estimates a temperature of the tissue, based at least on the sensed temperature and at least one parameter selected from the group consisting of: the fluid-flow rate, and a parameter of the ablating current. The processor generates an output in response to the estimated temperature. Other embodiments are also described.

An intravascular ablation device, including a flexible elongate body; an expandable element positioned on the elongate body; a radiofrequency or electroporation treatment segment located distally of the expandable element; a cryogenic coolant source in fluid communication with an interior of the expandable element; and a radiofrequency or electroporation energy source in communication with the radiofrequency or electroporation treatment segment.

Transducer-based systems can be configured to display a graphical representation of a transducer-based device, the graphical representation including graphical elements corresponding to transducers of the transducer-based device, and also including between graphical elements respectively associated with a set of the transducers and respectively associated with a region of space between the transducers of the transducer-based device. Selection of graphical elements and/or between graphical elements can cause activation of the set of transducers associated with the selected elements. Selection of a plurality of graphical elements and/or between graphical elements can cause visual display of a corresponding activation path in the graphical representation. Visual characteristics of graphical elements and between graphical elements can change based on an activation-status of the corresponding transducers. Activation requests for a set of transducers can be denied if it is determined that a transducer in the set of transducers is unacceptable for activation.

Electrosurgical coagulation devices. At least some of the example embodiment are methods including: applying RF energy between a first electrode and a second electrode, the first and second electrodes define an interstice; flowing an electrically conductive fluid through a first nozzle and a second nozzle of the first electrode, the first nozzle defines a first spray direction, the second nozzle defines a second spray direction, and a first angle between the first spray direction and the second spray direction is 180 angular degrees or less measured through the interstice; flowing an electrically conductive fluid through a third nozzle and a fourth nozzle of the second electrode, the third nozzle defines a third spray direction, the fourth nozzle defines a fourth spray direction, and a second angle between the third spray direction and the fourth spray direction is 180 angular degrees or less measured through the interstice.

A system for creating separation between biological surfaces may comprise a hollow body configured for delivery of a fluid to a target location, a fluid supply in fluid-communication with the hollow body, a control element configured to control the delivery of a fluid through the hollow body, at least one first sensor configured to measure at least one parameter of the fluid flowing through the hollow body, at least one second sensor configured to measure at least one parameter of an environment of the hollow body, a feedback control module configured to receive information from one or more of the at least one first sensor or the at least one of the second sensor to control at least one operational function of the system.

Systems, methods, and devices having improved conformal properties for biomedical signal measurement are disclosed. A device can have a first polymer substrate coupled to a conductive layer forming a conductive trace electrically coupled to a conductive pad exposed via an opening. The device can have a second polymer substrate forming a first cavity between the first polymer substrate and the second polymer substrate. The device can have a first inlet portion that receives a fluid that expands the first cavity causing the device to conform to an anatomical structure. The structure can be an atrium, such as the left atrium, of the heart of a patient. The device can conform to the walls of the tissue structure, and the conductive pad exposed via the opening can detect a signal from the wall of the tissue structure. The signal can be provided to an external measurement device for processing.

A method and system of adaptive cold atmospheric based treatment for diseased tissues, such as an area with cancerous cells, is disclosed. A plasma device generates a cold atmospheric plasma jet directed at the area having cancerous cells. A sensor is operable to sense the viability of the cancerous cells in the area. A controller is coupled to the plasma device and sensor. The controller is operative to control an initial plasma jet generated by the plasma device. The controller receives a sensor signal from the sensor to determine cell viability of the selected cells from the initial plasma jet. The controller adjusts the plasma jet based on the viability of the cancerous cells.

An in vivo temperature control system has a monitor for the internal temperature of a biological organ such as the esophagus, and for directly controls the temperature in the organ side depending on the monitoring. The in vivo temperature control system includes: a catheter insertable into a living body; a temperature probe containing a temperature sensor, the probe being insertable into the catheter; a liquid storage section for storing a temperature-controlled liquid; a pump for supplying the liquid from the liquid storage section to the catheter; and a control section for controlling driving of the pump based on a signal detected from the temperature probe; wherein the control section controls the pump when the signal has reached a preset threshold, and the pump is driven such that the liquid in the liquid storage section is released to the outside through the catheter.

An adaptive flow rate control system for a surgical device, whereby the control system includes one or more nonintrusive sensors configured to be positioned on an aspiration conduit extending downstream from a handheld surgical device to measure flow and reduce clogging within the aspiration conduit is disclosed. The nonintrusive sensor may provide data to a controller of a handheld surgical device system to enable it to control operation of the handheld surgical device based at least in part on the data from the adaptive flow rate control system to prevent clogging of the aspiration system. The adaptive flow rate control system may also include a clog tracking module and a clog prediction module. The adaptive flow rate control system may include a wireless communication system configured to communicate with other components of a surgical device system and may communicate with a external network and resources on the internet.