Devices, systems, and methods can include a source mathematical application, a destination mathematical application, and a mathematical symbol conversion application. Such devices, systems, and methods can, in response to detecting that data indicative of a mathematical symbol has been copied from the source mathematical application, use the mathematical symbol conversion application to identify a first language associated with the source mathematical application and, in response to detecting that the copied data has been pasted into the destination mathematical application, identify a second language associated with the destination mathematical application, convert the copied data from the first language to the second language, and reproduce the copied data in the second language within the second mathematical application, wherein the first and second languages are different from one another, and wherein the reproduced data retains visual and operational qualities of the copied data.

A spreadsheet apparatus accepts a calculation formula for executing calculation with a target being a calculation element that is input in a table format, as a first calculation formula of a first format including a first part corresponding to a description format of referring to a cell of a table and a second part corresponding to a description format for mathematical natural display, and executes one of (i) a calculation process for calculating the first calculation formula by using a value of the cell that the first part refers to, and (ii) a display process for displaying on a display the first calculation formula in a display mode of the mathematical natural display indicated by the second part.

A spreadsheet apparatus accepts a calculation formula for executing calculation with a target being a calculation element that is input in a table format, as a first calculation formula of a first format including a first part corresponding to a description format of referring to a cell of a table and a second part corresponding to a description format for mathematical natural display, and executes one of (i) a calculation process for calculating the first calculation formula by using a value of the cell that the first part refers to, and (ii) a display process for displaying on a display the first calculation formula in a display mode of the mathematical natural display indicated by the second part.

In a general aspect, a superconducting quantum circuit system is modeled. In some aspects, a graph representing a quantum circuit system is generated. The graph includes vertices and edges; the edges represent circuit elements of the quantum circuit system, and the vertices represent physical connections between the circuit elements. Inverse inductances, conductances, capacitances, and junction inverse inductances are assigned to respective edges of the graph based on a lumped-element approximation of the quantum circuit system. A coordinate system is determined based on the graph, and a matrix representation of the system is determined based on the coordinate system. A Hamiltonian for the quantum circuit system is determined using the matrix representation, and the quantum circuit system is simulated based on the Hamiltonian.

A text preparation apparatus is configured to in the decoding processing: perform first-layer recurrent neural network processing for phrase types to be used in the text and second-layer recurrent neural network processing for words appropriate for each of the phrase types; determine a phrase appropriate for each of the phrase types based on outputs of the second-layer recurrent neural network processing; generate a first vector set from a state vector of a previous step in the first-layer recurrent neural network processing and the feature vector sets, each vector of the first vector set being generated based on similarity degrees between individual vectors in one of the feature vector sets and the state vector; generate a second vector based on similarity degrees between individual vectors in the first vector set and the state vector; and input the second vector to a given step in the first-layer recurrent neural network processing.

A method and system is provided for generating a templatable item, which can include a text editor configured to generate numbers or text, a variable editor configured to generate a variable for the templatable item, an equation editor configured for generating an equation, and an image editor configured to generate an image, wherein the variable can include one or more of numbers, text, equations and images.

An information processing method includes determining a type of a selected character, among a plurality of characters included in a displayed mathematical expression, that is selection-operated by a user; identifying, based on the determined type of the selected character, an associated character, among the plurality of characters, that is associated with the character that is selection-operated; and setting, a range including the selected character and the associated character among the plurality of characters as a selection range of the character selected by the user.

A method to identify information about a mathematical formula may include receiving a mathematical formula included in a first electronic document. The method may also include generating a formatted formula from the mathematical formula. The method may also include finding a returned formula that is similar to or the same as the formatted formula in a plurality of mathematical formulae. The method may also include identifying from at least one other electronic document content that describes the returned formula and includes a derivation of the returned formula.

A natural language processing method and corresponding apparatus are disclosed. The natural language processing method may include converting words in sentence data, recognized through voice recognition, to corresponding word vectors, and converting characters in the sentence data to corresponding character vectors. The natural language processing method also may include generating a sentence vector based on the word vectors and the character vectors, and determining intent information of the sentence data based on the sentence vector.

In a question generating device, a reader reads a document and generates a document image. An extracting section extracts an original form character part on the basis of a marked character part included in the document image. The original form character part represents an original form of a plurality of candidate character parts that are candidate answers to a question generated from the document image. A setting section sets as the plurality of candidate character parts, the original form character part and at least one character part formed by either or both adding a character to and deleting a character from the original form character part. A selecting section selects a candidate character part of the highest priority from among the plurality of candidate character parts. A generating section generates the question using the candidate character part of the highest priority as the answer.