A gel for use in a pH or an ORP sensor, components of the gel comprising water, a reference electrolyte salt, a buffering system for adjusting pH of the gel, and a polymeric gelling agent, and the gel does not degrade under gamma irradiation.

An embodiment provides a method for measuring a characteristic of an aqueous sample, including: introducing the aqueous sample to a titration region and a reaction region of a measurement device, wherein the titration region comprises a pH electrode and a protonator electrode contacting a first portion of an aqueous sample, wherein the reaction region comprises a counter electrode contacting a second portion of the aqueous sample; placing an electrolyte reservoir in a state of electrical continuity with the titration region and the reaction region, wherein the electrolyte reservoir comprises a reference electrode, wherein the volume of the electrolyte reservoir comprises a large volume of an electrolyte; and determining a characteristic of the aqueous sample by measuring an electrochemical characteristic between the reference electrode and at least one of: the pH electrode and the counter electrode. Other aspects are described and claimed.

A system for measuring a variable of a liquid and a method operation the system is disclosed. The system comprises: a sensor located on an end section of an elongated sensor support and embodied to measure the variable; a containment device that is open at the top; the containment device including: a bottom section given by a liquid impermeable retainment basin, a top section having a side wall surrounding an interior of the top section and apertures extending through the side wall of the top section; and fasteners embodied to at a measurement site mount the sensor support in a fixed sensor support position in relation to a fixed device position of the containment device such that the sensor is located inside the retainment basin.

An electrochemical sensor array for detecting analytes in water, including a frame; a plurality of sensor electrodes each mounted to the frame, including a free chlorine working electrode including a gold thin film and having a free chlorine sensing surface to be exposed to the water; and a reference electrode including a silver thin film and a silver and silver chloride layer and having a reference sensing surface to be exposed to the water. A method of manufacturing an electrochemical sensor array for detecting analytes in water, including forming a free chlorine electrode, including forming a gold thin film on a first base layer; forming a reference electrode, including forming a silver thin film on a second base layer and applying a silver and silver chloride paste to a portion of the silver thin film; and arranging the free chlorine electrode and the reference electrode on a common frame.

A method for preparing a reference electrode and a lithium ion battery with a reference electrode. In some embodiments, a method includes the following steps: welding a reference electrode substrate to a lower portion of a current collector metal sheet with a tab-film; melting metal lithium into a liquid state; immersing a lower portion of the reference electrode substrate welded with the current collector metal sheet into the liquid lithium; coating a lower portion of the tab-film with a layer of separator to obtain a reference electrode with a separator coating; inserting the reference electrode between a separator of a core of a lithium ion battery and an anode piece; and packaging in plastic the lithium ion battery implanted with the reference electrode to obtain the lithium ion battery with the reference electrode.

A reference electrode is provided with an accommodation portion that is provided with a tube-shaped lead-out portion that can guide an accommodated internal liquid; a liquid junction portion that is connected to an end of the lead-out portion, and that allows the internal liquid to seep out; a liquid dripping portion that has a first end connected to the liquid junction portion, that has a second end that protrudes into the accommodation portion, and that guides the internal liquid to the liquid junction portion; and an internal electrode having at least a portion that is positioned further towards the first end side than the second end of the liquid dripping portion.

A gas sensor includes a sensor element including an element body, a measurement pump cell being configured to pump out oxygen from surroundings of an inner measurement electrode to surroundings of an outer measurement electrode, and a measurement voltage detection sensor cell that detects a measurement voltage between a reference electrode and the inner measurement electrode, and a pump cell controller that executes a normal time measurement pump control process of pumping out oxygen in the measurement chamber during a normal operation time of the sensor element so that the measurement voltage reaches a normal time target value, and executes a start-up time measurement pump control process of pumping out oxygen in the measurement chamber at a start-up time of the sensor element earlier than the normal operation time so that the measurement voltage reaches a start-up time target value higher than the normal time target value.

A protective device is disclosed for electrochemical electrodes having a liquid junction, and a transport and retention system therefor. The protective device can include a casing which is configured as a hollow cylinder and which has a inner circumferential first protrusion; a delimiting device which together with the first protrusion delimits a first casing segment having a first inner diameter; a spacer, which is configured as a hollow cylinder having an outer diameter corresponding to the first inner diameter; and a first sealing ring and a second sealing ring between which the spacer is disposed; wherein the first sealing ring, the second sealing ring and the spacer are disposed in an interior of the first casing segment, so that the first sealing ring and the second seal ring delimit a first protection space for a liquid junction whose inner diameter corresponds to an inner diameter of the spacer.

The present disclosure relates to a method for forming a reference electrode for use in electrochemical testing applications. The method may involve positioning a porous frit against one end of a hollow tube, and securing the frit and the hollow tube to one another to form an assembly. The method may further involve forming a silver sulfide coating on a silver wire to produce a silver sulfide coated silver wire. The method may further involve filling the hollow tube with a non-aqueous solution, and inserting at least a portion of the silver sulfide coated silver wire into the non-aqueous solution in the hollow tube.

An electrochemical half-cell includes an electrical terminal lead in contact with a solid electrolyte, wherein the solid electrolyte includes a doped high-entropy oxide. The electrochemical half-cell can be used as either a reference half-cell or a measuring half-cell. Methods of manufacturing the solid electrolyte and the electrochemical half-cell are further disclosed.