In order to provide a reference electrode capable of suppressing an error in a measured value even when refilling an internal solution during sample measurement, a reference electrode including: a casing adapted to store the internal solution in an internal space; and an internal electrode that rises from the bottom surface of the internal space and is immersed in the internal solution further includes: a surrounding wall that rises from the bottom surface so as to surround the side circumferential surface of the internal electrode; and an inlet port that is for refilling the internal solution in the casing. In addition, in the reference electrode, the surrounding wall is adapted such that a fore end surface thereof is opened and the height thereof is higher than the height of the internal electrode, and the inlet port is adapted to be opened toward a space outside the surrounding wall.

The present disclosure discloses a method for producing an ISE half-cell, including the steps of: immersing a first end of a hollow body into a membrane solution comprising at least one solvent and an ion-specific ionophore; removing the hollow body from the membrane solution; drying the hollow body and evaporating the solvent from the membrane solution, whereby an ion-selective membrane is created at the immersed end of the hollow body; and completing the hollow body to make an ISE half-cell. The present disclosure also discloses an ISE half-cell that is produced according to such a method. The present disclosure further discloses a sensor and a multiparameter sensor comprising several such ISE half-cells.

The present disclosure discloses a method for producing an ISE half-cell, including the steps of: immersing a first end of a hollow body into a membrane solution comprising at least one solvent and an ion-specific ionophore; removing the hollow body from the membrane solution; drying the hollow body and evaporating the solvent from the membrane solution, whereby an ion-selective membrane is created at the immersed end of the hollow body; and completing the hollow body to make an ISE half-cell. The present disclosure also discloses an ISE half-cell that is produced according to such a method. The present disclosure further discloses a sensor and a multiparameter sensor comprising several such ISE half-cells.

Devices and methods capable of detecting glucose in saliva (FIG. 12). The devices feature a sensor having a substrate containing electrodes and one or more reagents on the electrodes. A detection device is operably coupled with the sensor to detect glucose based on measurement of an electrical parameter when electricity is applied to the electrode.

The present invention relates to planar electrochemical sensors with membrane coatings used to perform chemical analyses. The object of this invention is to provide unit-use disposable sensors of very simple and inexpensive construction, preferably with only a single membrane coating on an electrode. The invented devices are potentiometric salt-bridge reference electrodes and dissolved gas sensors constructed with a heterogeneous membrane coating of a conductor. The heterogeneous membrane, which is an intimate admixture of a hydrophobic and a hydrophilic compartment, concurrently supports constrained transport of non-volatile species through its hydrophilic compartment and rapid gas and water vapor transport through its hydrophobic compartment.

A gaseous nitric oxide (NO) sensor having a working electrode configured such to induce NO molecules proximate the working electrode to undergo an electrochemical oxidation reaction. The electrochemical oxidation reaction transfers electrons from the NO molecules to the working electrode, creating a measurable current corresponding to the NO concentration within the fluid sample. An external membrane can be deposited onto the working electrode to separate the fluid sample from the working electrode. The external membrane can comprise an ionomer selectively permitting diffusion of NO molecules through the external membrane from the fluid sample to the working electrode. In an example, the fluid sample can be heated to a predetermined temperature to facilitate dissociation of NO from its hemoglobin bonded forms proximate the external membrane.

A palladium reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) article is provided for measuring pH, wherein the palladium in the RHE is dynamically loaded with hydrogen atoms to reversibly form Pd-H species. A pH measurement device is provided that includes the RHE, which in some embodiments serves as a cathode, and a method is provided for measuring pH using the device. The RHE article may be miniaturized on a chip or wafer, and may be used to detect ions in water (e.g. lead ions in water running through e.g., corroding pipes).

A palladium reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) article is provided for measuring pH, wherein the palladium in the RHE is dynamically loaded with hydrogen atoms to reversibly form Pd-H species. A pH measurement device is provided that includes the RHE, which in some embodiments serves as a cathode, and a method is provided for measuring pH using the device. The RHE article may be miniaturized on a chip or wafer, and may be used to detect ions in water (e.g. lead ions in water running through e.g., corroding pipes).

A method for producing a pH half-cell by means of which, in combination with a reference electrode and an evaluation electronics unit, a pH value of a medium can be determined, comprises the following steps: applying a first structure and a second structure to a substrate, wherein the first structure is applied by means of a thin-film method and forms a resistance element having a temperature-dependent resistance value, and wherein the second structure can be employed to derive a pH-dependent potential; applying a structured passivation glass layer, wherein the passivation glass layer substantially covers the first structure and leaves the second structure substantially uncovered; applying a mixed-conducting glass, wherein the mixed-conducting glass is substantially applied to the region that was left uncovered by the passivation glass layer; and applying a pH-sensitive glass, wherein the pH-sensitive glass is applied to the mixed-conducting glass.

The present invention relates to planar electrochemical sensors with membrane coatings used to perform chemical analyses. The object of this invention is to provide unit-use disposable sensors of very simple and inexpensive construction, preferably with only a single membrane coating on an electrode. The invented devices are potentiometric salt-bridge reference electrodes and dissolved gas sensors constructed with a heterogeneous membrane coating of a conductor. The heterogeneous membrane, which is an intimate admixture of a hydrophobic and a hydrophilic compartment, concurrently supports constrained transport of non-volatile species through its hydrophilic compartment and rapid gas and water vapor transport through its hydrophobic compartment.