A high data rate integrated circuit, such as an integrated circuit including a large sensor array, may be implemented using clock multipliers in individual power domains, coupled to sets of transmitters, including a transmitter pair configuration. Reference clock distribution circuitry on the integrated circuit distributes a relatively low speed reference clock. In a transmitter pair configuration, each pair comprises a first transmitter and a second transmitter in a transmitter power domain. Also, each pair of transmitters includes a clock multiplier connected to the reference clock distribution circuitry, and disposed between the first and second transmitters, which produces a local transmit clock.

In various embodiments of the present disclosure, a molecular electronics sensor array chip comprises: (a) an integrated circuit semiconductor chip; and (b) a plurality of molecular electronic sensor devices disposed thereon, each of said sensor devices comprising: (i) a pair of nanoscale source and drain electrodes separated by a nanogap; (ii) a gate electrode; and (iii) a bridge and/or probe molecule spanning the nanogap and connecting the source and drain electrodes, wherein the molecular electronic sensor devices are organized into an electronically addressable, controllable, and readable array of sensor pixels.

A semiconductor device includes a first gate electrode, an insulating part, a source electrode, a drain electrode, and a contact part. The insulating part is on one surface of the first gate electrode. The source electrode is connected to the insulating part. The drain electrode is connected to the insulating part. The contact part is between the source electrode and the drain electrode and on the insulating part. The contact part contains an atomic layered material. The contact part has a second part contactable with a sample. The second surface is opposite to a first surface facing the insulating part. A surface of the insulating part, the surface facing the contact part, has an uneven structure with respect to the first gate electrode.

A sensing device is provided. The sensing device includes a transistor, a disposable electrode, and a remote electrode. The transistor includes an extended gate, source and drain. The remote electrode is configured to receive a reference voltage. The disposable electrode is coupled between the transistor and the remote electrode. The disposable electrode includes a proximal end and a distal end. The proximal end of the disposable electrode is coupled to the extended gate of the transistor. The distal end of the disposable electrode is coupled to the remote electrode. The disposable electrode is adapted to load a cell and receive a membrane potential of the cell. The disposable electrode provides a gate voltage to the extended gate based on the change of the membrane potential and the reference voltage. The transistor provides different transistor currents at the drain based on the change of the gate voltage.

A method of manufacturing a sensor, the method including forming an array of chemically-sensitive field effect transistors (chemFETs), depositing a dielectric layer over the chemFETs in the array, depositing a protective layer over the dielectric layer, etching the dielectric layer and the protective layer to form cavities corresponding to sensing surfaces of the chemFETs, and removing the protective layer. The method further includes, etching the dielectric layer and the protective layer together to form cavities corresponding to sensing surfaces of the chemFETs. The protective layer is at least one of a polymer, photoresist material, noble metal, copper oxide, and zinc oxide. The protective protective layer is removed using at least one of sodium hydroxide, organic solvent, aqua regia, ammonium carbonate, hydrochloric acid, acetic acid, and phosphoric acid.

A transistor device (10) is disclosed comprising a source electrode (14) a drain electrode (12) and an enzyme (31) for facilitating generation of a charge carrier from an analyte. The transistor device also comprises a polymer layer (30) for retaining the enzyme (31), the polymer layer (30) being conductive to the charge carrier. The device also comprises an ohmic conductor (32) in contact with said polymer layer (30) for applying a gate voltage to said polymer layer (30). The device also comprises an organic semiconducting layer (18) connecting the source electrode (14) to the drain electrode (12). Also disclosed is a method of making and using the device (10).

A biosensor system includes an array of biosensors with a plurality of electrodes situated proximate the biosensor. A controller is configured to selectively energize the plurality of electrodes to generate a DEP force to selectively position a test sample relative to the array of biosensors.

An ionic current sensor array includes a master bias generator and a plurality of sensing cells. The master bias generator is configured to generate a bias voltage. Each sensing cell includes an ionic current sensor, an integrating capacitor, a sense transistor coupled between the integrating capacitor and the ionic current sensor, and an amplifier coupled to provide a reference voltage to bias the ionic current sensor. The amplifier includes a first transistor and a second transistor. The first transistor is coupled to receive the bias voltage, and the second transistor is coupled to the first transistor to provide the reference voltage to the ionic current sensor. The second transistor is also coupled between a source of the sense transistor and the gate of the sense transistor.

A method for nucleic acid sequencing includes receiving a plurality of observed or measured signals indicative of a parameter observed or measured for a plurality of defined spaces; determining, for at least some of the defined spaces, whether the defined space comprises one or more sample nucleic acids; processing, for at least some of the defined spaces, the observed or measured signal to improve a quality of the observed or measured signal; generating, for at least some of the defined spaces, a set of candidate sequences of bases for the defined space using one or more metrics adapted to associate a score or penalty to the candidate sequences of bases; and selecting the candidate sequence leading to a highest score or a lowest penalty as corresponding to the correct sequence for the one or more sample nucleic acids in the defined space.

The present invention relates to a biosensor that uses a cell that expresses a chemosensory receptor that can detect sugar, and an Alzheimer's disease diagnostic apparatus comprising the same. The biosensor and the Alzheimer's disease diagnostic apparatus of the present invention can sensitively detect a particular sugar in a sample, more inexpensively and more quickly, by fixing a drosophila cell having an over-expressed target sensory receptor protein on the cell surface through genetic engineering, and can thereby be efficaciously used for diagnosing Alzheimer's disease.