This application features a method of forming a nanoporous layer. The method includes steps of dispensing on a substrate a colloid composition comprising a liquid and a number of nanoparticle clusters, and subjecting the dispensed colloid composition to drying to form the nanoporous layer over the substrate. The nanoporous layer includes nanoparticles deposited to form a three dimensional network of irregularly shaped bodies. The nanoporous layer also includes a three dimensional network of irregularly shaped spaces that are not occupied by the three dimensional network of irregularly shaped bodies.

A reference electrode system for a pH-sensor system includes: a first junction having a membrane with a sealed side; a reference electrode, the reference electrode and/or an electrically conducting wire of the reference electrode being covered completely except for an end portion of the reference electrode, by a sleeve; and a tube that is arranged, at least partly, around the reference electrode, the electrically conducting wire, and the sleeve, the tube having a closed end which is arranged near the end portion of the reference electrode.

An embodiment provides a probe, including: an ion selective shell that includes a pH electrode bathed in an electrolyte and/or buffer solution; a plurality of conductive electrodes coaxially arranged respective to the pH electrode; the plurality of conductive electrodes being electrically isolated on a substrate displaced between the pH electrode and a reference electrode, and including: at least a first conductive electrode that is exposed to sample fluid at a terminal end of the probe proximate to the ion selective shell and disposed on the surface of an electrode substrate proximate to a terminal end of the reference electrode; and at least a second conductive electrode that is exposed to the sample fluid at the terminal end of the probe proximate to the ion selective shell and disposed on the surface of an el electrode substrate proximate to the terminal end of the reference electrode; the probe further including the reference electrode arranged about and along a longitudinal axis of the probe and bathed in a reference buffer and/or electrolyte solution. Other aspects are described and claimed.

A sensor is configured to sense a parameter of an aqueous liquid. The sensor has an analog output port configured to provide an analog signal indicative of a sensed parameter, and a calibration memory device storing individual digital information indicative of a calibration of the sensor. A digital output port provides a digital signal indicative of the digital information. A treatment system and method is matched to the sensor.

This disclosure relates to a glucose-sensing electrode including a nanoporous metal layer and an electrolyte ion-blocking layer formed over the nanoporous metal layer. The nanoporous metal layer is capable of oxidizing both glucose and maltose without an enzyme specific to glucose in the glucose-sensing electrode. The electrolyte ion-blocking layer is configured to inhibit Na.sup.+, K.sup.+, Ca.sup.2+, Cl.sup.−, PO.sub.4.sup.3− and CO.sub.3.sup.2− from diffusing toward the nanoporous metal layer such that there is a substantial discontinuity of a combined concentration of Na.sup.+, K.sup.+, Ca.sup.2+, Cl.sup.−, PO.sub.4.sup.3− and CO.sub.3.sup.2− between over and below the electrolyte ion-blocking layer.

A dialysis method and system for determining an amount of total chlorine in a partially purified water sample is disclosed. The system includes a water machine that produces at least partially purified water including an at least partially purified water sample and a dialysis machine that provides a dialysis treatment to a patient. The dialysis machine receives the at least partially purified water from the water machine to prepare dialysis fluid for the dialysis treatment. The system also includes a total chlorine detector configured to receive the at least partially purified water sample, at a first time apply a source voltage to the at least partially purified water sample, and at a second time stop applying the source voltage to the at least partially purified water sample and instead monitor a sensed electrical parameter to determine an amount of total chlorine in the at least partially purified water sample.

An embodiment provides a method for measuring total oxidant in a seawater sample, comprising: forming a seawater solution and a formed iodine by introducing a buffer and an iodide reagent to a seawater sample, wherein the seawater sample contains an amount of oxidant; placing the seawater solution in a measurement device, wherein the measurement device comprises a boron doped diamond working electrode reacting with the seawater solution and the formed iodine, wherein an electrochemical process reduces the formed iodine to iodide; and measuring the amount of total oxidant in the seawater sample by measuring, using the measurement device, an amount of iodide in the seawater sample. Other aspects are described and claimed.

This disclosure relates to an apparatus for glucose-sensing that address interference of ascorbic acid and acetaminophen. The apparatus includes a first electrode capable of oxidizing glucose and at least one of ascorbic acid and acetaminophen. The apparatus further includes a second electrode capable of oxidizing at least one of ascorbic acid and acetaminophen but not capable of oxidizing glucose. The first electrode includes a deposit of irregularly shaped bodies that are formed of numerous nanoparticles having a generally oval or spherical shape with a length ranging between about 2 nm and about 5 nm. The deposit is substantially free of a surfactant. If any surfactant is contained in the deposit, the surfactant is in an amount smaller than 0.5 parts by weight with reference to 100 parts by weight of the deposit. The first electrode does not include a glucose-specific enzyme.

This disclosure relates to a glucose-sensing electrode including a nanoporous layer on an electrically conductive surface. The nanoporous layer includes a three-dimensional interconnected network of irregularly shaped bodies that are formed of numerous nanoparticles having a generally oval or spherical shape with a length ranging between about 2 nm and about 5 nm. Inside the three-dimensional interconnected network of irregularly shaped bodies, at least part of the nanoparticles are adjacent to each other without an intervening nanoparticle therebetween and apart from each other to define interparticular nanopores therebetween, wherein at least part of the interparticular nanopores inside the three-dimensional interconnected network of irregularly shaped bodies are in a size ranging between about 0.5 nm and about 3 nm. The nanoporous layer further comprises a three-dimensional interconnected network of irregularly shaped spaces that is geometrically complementary to the three-dimensional interconnected network of irregularly shaped bodies. The glucose-sensing electrode does not comprise a glucose-specific enzyme.

A water quality monitor system comprising a base having a first end and a second end is disclosed. A cover is removably coupled to the first end of the base such that the cover surrounds and covers the first end of the base. A flow cell jar is connected to the second end of the base. A sensor probe is connected to the second end of the base and extends downward into the flow cell jar. The sensor probe is configured to measure a plurality of water quality parameters. The base includes an inlet and an outlet connected to opposing ends of the base and connected in-line to the plumbing of a pool recirculation system. A controller is configured to provide a connection between the water quality monitor and a cloud-based storage system, using a wireless network. The measured water quality parameters are transmitted to the cloud storage system.