An electrochemical sensor comprising first and second electrodes. The first electrode has a molecular imprinted polymer (MIP) immobilised thereon and the MIP comprises a redox label and is imprinted with an analyte. The disclosure also provides methods of producing such sensors, methods of detecting and determining the concentration of analytes and the use of the electrochemical sensors for the detection of analytes.

Aspects of the present disclosure are directed to a system for determining in-situ oxidation-reduction potential in a formation having a surface separating the formation from an ambient atmosphere. The system may measure the oxidation-reduction potential in-situ, and thereby provide the most precise measurement of the oxidation-reduction potential. The formation surface may be the interface between the ambient atmosphere and the uppermost layer of the formation. The system may comprise a probe for a penetration into the formation, a reference electrode for placing on the formation surface, and a controller configured to communicate with the probe. The controller may be configured to communicate with the reference electrode, determine the oxidation-reduction potential as a potential difference between the reference electrode and the oxidation-reduction electrode, and communicate with the probe, the oxidation-reduction electrode, the reference electrode or any other device by a wire or wireless or a combination of wire and wireless.

A wet flue gas desulfurization apparatus includes an absorption tank in which an absorption solution containing an alkaline absorbent is stored; an absorption tower extending upward from the absorption tank; a flue gas inlet duct communicating with a first portion of the absorption tower; a flue gas outlet duct communicating with a second portion of the absorption tower; a spray unit to spray the absorption solution inside the absorption tower; a circulation pump to pump the absorption solution from the absorption tank and to supply the absorption solution to the spray unit; a byproduct discharging unit to discharge a byproduct downward from the absorption tank; and an oxygen supply pipe through which an oxygen-containing gas is supplied to a target point in the absorption tank, the target point being adjustable along a vertical direction or a horizontal direction, enabling adjustment of an internal position to which the gas is supplied.

A sensor is configured to sense a parameter of an aqueous liquid. The sensor has an analog output port configured to provide an analog signal indicative of a sensed parameter, and a calibration memory device storing individual digital information indicative of a calibration of the sensor. A digital output port provides a digital signal indicative of the digital information. A treatment system and method is matched to the sensor.

A water quality monitor for a swimming pool is disclosed. The water quality monitor has a base having a first end and a second end, a removable cover coupled to and enclosing the first end of the base, a flow cell jar extending from the second end of the base, and a sensor probe connected to the second end of the base and extending downwardly into the flow cell jar. The sensor probe is configured to measure a plurality of water quality parameters. The monitor further includes a debris filter provided in a fluid flow path between an inlet and a first side of the base, and a controller configured to provide a connection between the water quality monitor and a cloud storage system using a wireless network. The measured plurality of water quality parameters are transmitted through the wireless network to the cloud storage system.

A method for controlling the catalytic oxidation of cellulose includes using a heterocyclic nitroxyl compound as catalyst; oxidizing cellulose in a reaction mixture comprising liquid medium, the catalyst and hypochlorite as main oxidant; analyzing one or more oxidative chlorine species dependent on the hypochlorite concentration of the reaction mixture on line in the reaction mixture or in a gas composition which is in contact with the reaction mixture; and controlling supply of hypochlorite to the reaction mixture on the basis of the analysis.

A method for determining a concentration of an analyte in a fluidic sample is described. A sample is applied to a biosensor including an electrochemical cell having electrodes. A predetermined voltage waveform is applied during at least first and second time intervals. At least first and second current values are measured during the first and second time intervals, respectively. A turning point time is determined during the first time interval at which the measured first current values transition from a first to a second profile. The concentration of analyte in the sample is calculated based on determined turning point time and at least one measured current value. In another example, a physical characteristic of the sample is estimated based on measured current values. The concentration is calculated using a first or second model if the estimated physical characteristic of the sample is in a first or second range, respectively.

A multi-function water quality monitoring device is provided, which includes a multi-function water quality monitoring probe and a control module. The multi-function water quality monitoring probe includes a first signal electrode, a first sensing electrode, a second signal electrode and a second sensing electrode. The control module is connected to the probe. When the control module outputs a first time-variant signal to drive the first signal electrode, the first sensing electrode outputs a first water quality signal. When the control module outputs a second time-variant signal to drive the second signal electrode, the first sensing electrode and the second sensing electrode output the first sensing signal and a second sensing signal respectively. When the control module outputs the first time-variant signal and the second time-variant signal to simultaneously drive the first signal electrode and the second signal electrode, the first sensing electrode outputs the first water quality signal.

The invention relates to an electrochemical measuring cell for measuring the content of chlorine compounds in water, having an electrolyte chamber (2) which receives an electrolyte, a measuring electrode (3) which delimits the electrolyte chamber, a reference electrode (5), and a counterelectrode (4). Said electrochemical measuring cell is characterised in that the measuring electrode (3) is a rigid, porous platinum membrane having a pore size of 0.15 μm to 0.25 μm, which produces the contact with the electrolyte and the water.

Various apparatus, systems, and methods for measuring a solution characteristic of a sample comprising microorganisms are disclosed. In one embodiment, a sensor apparatus is disclosed comprising a sample container comprising a sample chamber configured to receive the sample and a reference sensor component comprising a reference conduit having a reference conduit cavity defined therein. The reference conduit cavity can be at least partially filled with a reference buffer gel, buffer solution, or wicking component. A segment of the reference conduit can extend into the sample chamber. A reference electrode material can be positioned at a proximal end of the wicking component or extend partially into the reference conduit cavity. The sensor apparatus can also comprise an active sensor component having an active electrode in fluid contact with the sample. The sample in the sample chamber can be aerated through an aeration port defined along a surface of the sample container.