An apparatus with a transducer having a first output signal and arranged to receive an electrical input. The transducer switches the first output signal between an ON and OFF state. The apparatus has a chemical sensing surface coupled to the transducer arranged to receive a chemical input. A signal generator oscillates one or more of said inputs to vary the switching point of the transducer. The oscillating input may be the chemical input and/or the electrical input. The output signal may be a pulse whose period ON or OFF is determined by the oscillating input modulated by the chemical input.

In order to provide a method for cleaning, conditioning, calibration, adjustment and conditioning of an amperometric sensor of a measuring device for determining a content substance in an electrolyte, with a measuring chamber, sealed by a selectively permeable membrane, containing the electrolyte, in which the working electrode and a reference electrode connected electrically with the working electrode are arranged, wherein the membrane is permeable to the content substance which is to be determined, wherein the determination of the content substance takes place during a measuring interval in that a voltage is applied between the working electrode and reference electrode, the current which flows via the electrical connection between working electrode and reference electrode is measured and the content substance deduced from the measured current, said method achieving a comparable or even a better cleaning and conditioning effect than the methods known from the prior art, but for which a simpler equipment set-up is sufficient, a method is described which is characterised in that a conditioning agent is generated in the measuring device, wherein either an oxidising agent which is reduced at the working electrode or a reducing agent which is oxidised at the working electrode is used as conditioning agent.

Embodiments of the present disclosure provide a system for continuous scanning monitoring and analysis based on a discrete three-dimensional fluorescence technology. The system comprises a high-pressure capillary gel electrophoresis mechanism configured to enable passages of different lengths of STR sequence fragments and nucleic acid gene fragments in an energized state; a sampling window unit configured to assemble a plurality of capillary tubes and a plurality of detection optical fibers shared by an excitation light and excited light; and a detection window unit configured to assemble the plurality of detection optical fibers and a fluorescence signal detection unit. The fluorescence signal detection unit is configured to output a plurality of single excitation light sources and obtain fluorescence signals.

A cell and/or a measuring instrument are arranged for coulometric titration. The cell has first and second electrochemical half-cells, each of which is connected into a regulated circuit and each of which has an associated electrode. The second electrode (3) is immersed in an electrolyte (2) that is solid or solidified and fills a second housing (1). The second housing is closed, with charge and material exchange only possible through a diaphragm (4) that is disposed between the respective electrochemical half-cells. The electrolyte contains a first redox partner that, along with at least one second redox partner, is part of a redox system. The redox partners are selected to substantially suppress gas development inside the cell during operation. The first electrode and the second housing are disposed in a first housing so that at least the diaphragm and the first electrode are in contact with a sample during operation.

A cell and/or a measuring instrument are arranged for coulometric titration. The cell has first and second electrochemical half-cells, each of which is connected into a regulated circuit and each of which has an associated electrode. The second electrode (3) is immersed in an electrolyte (2) that is solid or solidified and fills a second housing (1). The second housing is closed, with charge and material exchange only possible through a diaphragm (4) that is disposed between the respective electrochemical half-cells. The electrolyte contains a first redox partner that, along with at least one second redox partner, is part of a redox system. The redox partners are selected to substantially suppress gas development inside the cell during operation. The first electrode and the second housing are disposed in a first housing so that at least the diaphragm and the first electrode are in contact with a sample during operation.

Methods, systems and devices that generate differential axial transport in a fluidic device having at least one fluidic sample separation flow channel and at least one ESI emitter in communication with the at least one sample separation flow channel. In response to the generated differential axial transport, the at least one target analyte contained in a sample reservoir in communication with the sample separation channel is selectively transported to the at least one ESI emitter while inhibiting transport of contaminant materials contained in the sample reservoir toward the at least one ESI emitter thereby preferentially directing analyte molecules out of the at least one ESI emitter. The methods, systems and devices are particularly suitable for use with a mass spectrometer.

A laser-line-generating system generates and process a laser light to illuminate a capillary array. The laser-line-generating system includes a laser-light source, focusing optics, a first optical scanner, and a second optical scanner. The laser-light source outputs a first laser light. The focusing optics receives the first laser light and reduces a beam width of the first laser light. The first optical scanner receives the first laser light and output a first optical-scanner-outputted light by varying an angle of outputted light along a first dimension. The second optical scanner receives the first optical-scanner-outputted light and outputs a second optical-scanner-outputted light by varying an angle of outputted light along a second dimension. The second optical-scanner-outputted light includes a line with dimensional components in both the first dimension and the second dimension.

A method of mass spectrometry or ion mobility spectrometry is disclosed in which analyte ions of a desired charge state are isolated. The method comprises: separating analytes according to their electrophoretic mobility; ionizing the analytes; and mass filtering the resulting analyte ions, wherein the mass to charge ratios of the ions transmitted by a mass filter are varied as a function of the electrophoretic mobility and according to a predetermined relationship such that substantially only ions having said desired charge state are transmitted by the mass filter.

An apparatus with a transducer having a first output signal and arranged to receive an electrical input. The transducer switches the first output signal between an ON and OFF state. The apparatus has a chemical sensing surface coupled to the transducer arranged to receive a chemical input. A signal generator oscillates one or more of said inputs to vary the switching point of the transducer. The oscillating input may be the chemical input and/or the electrical input. The output signal may be a pulse whose period ON or OFF is determined by the oscillating input modulated by the chemical input.

An apparatus with a transducer having a first output signal and arranged to receive an electrical input. The transducer switches the first output signal between an ON and OFF state. The apparatus has a chemical sensing surface coupled to the transducer arranged to receive a chemical input. A signal generator oscillates one or more of said inputs to vary the switching point of the transducer. The oscillating input may be the chemical input and/or the electrical input. The output signal may be a pulse whose period ON or OFF is determined by the oscillating input modulated by the chemical input.