The present invention relates to axial flow chromatography columns, methods for separating one or more analytes in a liquid by the use of such columns, and systems employing such columns. The column comprises a first port and a second port, the first port and said second port being at essentially the same level or elevation above the level of the bed space on the chromatography column.

The invention relates to a method of determining characteristics of orifices (O1, . . . , O9) to be made through a plate (2) positioned in a circuit (10) across the fluid passage. Said method comprises defining fluid data, the number of orifices, and for each orifice a control segment or area. The fluid flow rate through each orifice of the perforated plate is calculated, and for each orifice, the flow rate density is calculated by dividing said fluid flow rate by the associated control segment length or control area. The optimized or non-optimized nature of the orifice characteristic is determined by comparing said flow rate density with the mean flow rate density. If the difference in absolute value lies within a predetermined range of values, then the orifice characteristics are considered as being optimized. Otherwise at least one characteristic of at least some of the orifices is modified.

Aspects of the present disclosure include branching fluid passages in an apparatus that reduce turbulent flow and generate evenly distributed fluid pressure as the fluids branch off into the different passages. In some embodiments, the branching passages may be subdivided into two sets: the branching passages for the liquid fuel and the branching passages for the liquid oxidizer. In some embodiments, the two sets of passages are carefully designed in an elegant yet extremely intricate manner that is optimized for proper fluid flow and maximal burn efficiency. The ends of all of the passages meet at the injector interface, which dispense the liquids into the combustion chamber for ignition. Generally, these designs are achieved through additive manufacturing, and would be extremely difficult, if not impossible, to be manufactured using traditional techniques.

The invention relates to a fluid distributor (9,10)for a column (1)comprising at least one cell (2) containing a bed of particles (3), the fluid distributor (9, 10) comprising: - a floor (11, 21) comprising at least one injection point (15, 25) providing a fluidic connection on either side thereof; - a layer of resistive medium (12, 22) fixed on one face of the floor(11, 21), the resistive medium being permeable to the fluid; - a spacing device (13, 23) inserted between the floor (11, 21) and the layer of reistive medium (12, 22) and maintaining a space for the circulation of the fluid between the floor (11, 21) and the layer of resistive medium (12, 22). The invention also relates to a column, in particular a chromatography column, provided with this fluid distributor.

A fluid transfer device transfers a fluid from a first fluid channel with a first cross-sectional area into a second fluid channel with a second cross-sectional area, larger than the first cross-sectional area. The fluid transfer device includes a fluid inlet interface at which the fluid is transferable from the first fluid channel into the fluid transfer device; an inlet branch configured to split the fluid from the first fluid channel into multiple inlet branch channels; multiple outlet branches, each of which is configured to split the fluid from the inlet branch channels into respective outlet branch channels; and a fluid outlet interface configured to transfer the fluid in the outlet branch channels into the second fluid channel. The inlet and output branches and branch channels are disposed such that the fluid exits from the fluid outlet interface, distributed in a two-dimensional manner across the second cross-sectional area.

A frit and a chromatography column that includes the frit are described. The frit is formed as a disk having a porosity, a radius and a thickness. The disk has a variation in porosity, thickness, or both porosity and thickness along a radial direction. A flow of a liquid through an outer region of the disk is advanced at an outlet end of the disk relative to a flow of the liquid through an inner region of the disk. The frit is configured to be disposed at one end of a column bed of a liquid chromatography column where the advance in the flow in the outer region relative to the flow in the inner region is predetermined to at least partially compensate for a radial variation in the linear velocity of the flow through the column bed.

A method for conducting maintenance on a chromatography column (1; 51), said column comprising a column tube (32), a top end cell (20) and a bottom end cell (26), where during chromatography said column tube (32) is secured between said top end cell (20) and said bottom end cell (26). Said method comprises the step of rotating at least the top end cell (20) 180 degrees around a horizontal axis before maintenance is conducted to the top end cell (20).

A read circuit for an electrical signal produced by a POSFET device is disclosed which comprises a transconductance amplifier (4) connected at its inverting input to the output of the POSFET device (1), at least one neuron (8a, 8b) connected to the output of said transconductance amplifier, said amplifier being adapted to receive a signal from the POSFET device representative of a force or pressure exerted on it and to produce at its output at least one current signal (I.sub.0, I.sub.0+) representative of such force or pressure, the at least one neuron being adapted to receive said current signal and to produce an output signal (12a, 12b) being a pulse train with frequency proportional to said current signal.

The invention relates to a chromatography column frame comprising at least two legs, a support arrangement connected to said at least two legs, and a holder means connected to said support arrangement. Said holder means is arranged to releasably hold an adaptor rod of a chromatography column, so that the adaptor rod is prevented to move in a horizontal direction and so the adaptor rod is allowed to move in a vertical direction. The invention also relates to method of conducting maintenance on and packing of a chromatography column.

The present invention relates to axial flow chromatography columns, methods for separating one or more analytes in a liquid by the use of such columns, and systems employing such columns. The column comprises a first port and a second port, the first port and said second port being at essentially the same level or elevation above the level of the bed space on the chromatography column.