Systems and methods to provide low carbon intensity (CI) transportation fuels through one or more targeted reductions of carbon emissions based upon an analysis of carbon emissions associated with a combination of various options for feedstock procurement, feedstock refining, processing, or transformation, and fuel product distribution pathways to end users. Such options are selected to maintain the total CI (carbon emissions per unit energy) of the transportation fuel below a pre-selected threshold that defines an upper limit of CI for the transportation fuel.

Systems and methods to provide low carbon intensity (CI) transportation fuels through one or more targeted reductions of carbon emissions based upon an analysis of carbon emissions associated with a combination of various options for feedstock procurement, feedstock refining, processing, or transformation, and fuel product distribution pathways to end users. Such options are selected to maintain the total CI (carbon emissions per unit energy) of the transportation fuel below a pre-selected threshold that defines an upper limit of CI for the transportation fuel.

Systems and methods to provide low carbon intensity (CI) transportation fuels through one or more targeted reductions of carbon emissions based upon an analysis of carbon emissions associated with a combination of various options for feedstock procurement, feedstock refining, processing, or transformation, and fuel product distribution pathways to end users. Such options are selected to maintain the total CI (carbon emissions per unit energy) of the transportation fuel below a pre-selected threshold that defines an upper limit of CI for the transportation fuel.

Provided herein are methods for dynamic bias management between online process analyzers and laboratory certification tests. In many refinery processes, online analyzers are used to determine any number of properties to ensure the product being produced meets a given target or specification. Refinery laboratory tests are typically used for certification, and therefore, biases between said certification tests and online process analyzers need to be managed to control/optimize the manufacturing process. The methods employ an exponential-weighted moving average (EWMA) dynamic correction factor based on historical process analyzer data versus laboratory certification samples in conjunction with structural bias correct functions to achieve this bias management.

A test strip device exhibits visual changes, such as color changes, when there is a only slight difference in the composition of liquids such as gasoline, oil, ethanol and water. Such a slight liquid composition difference usually requires a sophisticated and expensive instrument to differentiate. The test strip consists of one and more than one inverse opal films deposited on a substrate and achieves this goal of differentiation in a simple, fast and energy-free manner.

A vehicle includes a thermal harvesting device that is positioned adjacent a heat-generating vehicle system. The thermal harvesting device generates electricity based on a temperature differential in order to power a sensor and a wireless transmitter.

A sensor includes a detection portion and an output portion. The detection portion is made of a material that changes in accordance with a ratio of an actual amount of water to an amount of water causing a phase separation in an alcohol containing fuel. The output portion is configured or programmed to output a signal in accordance with a change of the detection portion.

A system of one or more computers configured to perform operations or actions by virtue of having software, firmware, hardware, or a combination of them installed on the system that causes the system to perform the actions. The programs can be configured to perform operations, when executed by computer, cause the computer to perform the actions. One general aspect includes a system, a program to initiate an evaporative control engine off natural vacuum test in a vehicle and identify a geolocation where a fuel was obtained for the vehicle. The system then determines an e100 value and an e0 value for a temperature of the fuel and determines a vehicle percentage of ethanol of the fuel using at least the e100 value, the e0 value, a timestamp, and a fuel tank pressure and adjusts at least one engine parameter based upon the percentage of ethanol of the first fuel.

A system of one or more computers configured to perform operations or actions by virtue of having software, firmware, hardware, or a combination of them installed on the system that causes the system to perform the actions. The programs can be configured to perform operations, when executed by computer, cause the computer to perform the actions. One general aspect includes a system, a program to initiate an evaporative control engine off natural vacuum test in a vehicle and identify a geolocation where a fuel was obtained for the vehicle. The system then determines an e100 value and an e0 value for a temperature of the fuel and determines a vehicle percentage of ethanol of the fuel using at least the e100 value, the e0 value, a timestamp, and a fuel tank pressure and adjusts at least one engine parameter based upon the percentage of ethanol of the first fuel.

A liquid sensor may comprise a first electrode, a second electrode disposed inside the first electrode, and a partition wall comprising a surface defining a storage space with a first opposing surface of the first electrode and a second opposing surface of the second electrode. One of the first electrode, the second electrode and the partition wall may comprise a first communication opening communicating an inside of the storage space and an outside of the storage space and disposed at an upper portion of the storage space. One of the first electrode, the second electrode and the partition wall may comprise a second communication opening communicating the inside of the storage space and the outside of the storage space and disposed lower than the first communication opening. An opening direction of the first communication opening may be different from an opening direction of the second communication opening.