Provided herein are methods of treating multiple sclerosis with a fumarate, wherein the fumarate is a dialkyl fumarate, a monoalkyl fumarate, a combination of a dialkyl fumarate and a monoalkyl fumarate, a prodrug of monoalkyl fumarate, a deuterated form of any of the foregoing, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, clathrate, solvate, tautomer, or stereoisomer of any of the foregoing, or a combination of any of the foregoing. The methods provided herein improve the safety of treatment by informing and monitoring patients undergoing treatment regarding progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, and/or by monitoring lymphocyte count.

Disclosed are nucleated red blood cell warning devices and methods, and flow cytometers using the same. The devices, methods and flow cytometers can warn whether nucleated red blood cells exist in a blood sample. The warning device may obtain forward-scattered light information, side-scattered light information and fluorescence information when cells in the blood sample pass through a detection region of the flow cytometer. The warning device may generate a side-scattered light-fluorescence dot plot, so as to classify leucocytes into four groups, and may generate a forward-scattered light-fluorescence dot plot, where the forward-scattered light-fluorescence dot plot can include a leucocyte group region. The warning device may obtain a predetermined feature region located at the left side of the leucocyte group region, perform statistics on the amount of characterization cells in the predetermined feature region, and provide a warning when the number of the characterization cells exceeds a threshold value.

Disclosed are nucleated red blood cell warning devices and methods, and flow cytometers using the same. The devices, methods and flow cytometers can warn whether nucleated red blood cells exist in a blood sample. The warning device may obtain forward-scattered light information, side-scattered light information and fluorescence information when cells in the blood sample pass through a detection region of the flow cytometer. The warning device may generate a side-scattered light-fluorescence dot plot, so as to classify leucocytes into four groups, and may generate a forward-scattered light-fluorescence dot plot, where the forward-scattered light-fluorescence dot plot can include a leucocyte group region. The warning device may obtain a predetermined feature region located at the left side of the leucocyte group region, perform statistics on the amount of characterization cells in the predetermined feature region, and provide a warning when the number of the characterization cells exceeds a threshold value.

Systems and methods for processing sensor data and self-calibration are provided. In some embodiments, systems and methods are provided which are capable of calibrating a continuous analyte sensor based on an initial sensitivity, and then continuously performing self-calibration without using, or with reduced use of, reference measurements. In certain embodiments, a sensitivity of the analyte sensor is determined by applying an estimative algorithm that is a function of certain parameters. Also described herein are systems and methods for determining a property of an analyte sensor using a stimulus signal. The sensor property can be used to compensate sensor data for sensitivity drift, or determine another property associated with the sensor, such as temperature, sensor membrane damage, moisture ingress in sensor electronics, and scaling factors.

Systems and methods for processing sensor data and self-calibration are provided. In some embodiments, systems and methods are provided which are capable of calibrating a continuous analyte sensor based on an initial sensitivity, and then continuously performing self-calibration without using, or with reduced use of, reference measurements. In certain embodiments, a sensitivity of the analyte sensor is determined by applying an estimative algorithm that is a function of certain parameters. Also described herein are systems and methods for determining a property of an analyte sensor using a stimulus signal. The sensor property can be used to compensate sensor data for sensitivity drift, or determine another property associated with the sensor, such as temperature, sensor membrane damage, moisture ingress in sensor electronics, and scaling factors.

A measurement apparatus comprises optical components arranged to provide parallel measurements of a biological sample. The parallel sample measurements provide improved accuracy with lower detection limit thresholds. The parallel measurements may comprise one or more of Raman spectroscopy measurements or infrared spectroscopy measurements. The parallel measurements can be combined with a light source. In many embodiments, the light source comprises one or more wavelengths corresponding to resonance frequencies of one or more molecules of the sample, such as wavelengths of ultraviolet light. The wavelengths of light corresponding to resonance frequencies can provide an increased signal to noise ratio. The parallel array optical configuration can be combined with wavelengths of light corresponding to resonance frequencies in order to provide increased measurement accuracy and detection of metabolites.

A measurement apparatus comprises optical components arranged to provide parallel measurements of a biological sample. The parallel sample measurements provide improved accuracy with lower detection limit thresholds. The parallel measurements may comprise one or more of Raman spectroscopy measurements or infrared spectroscopy measurements. The parallel measurements can be combined with a light source. In many embodiments, the light source comprises one or more wavelengths corresponding to resonance frequencies of one or more molecules of the sample, such as wavelengths of ultraviolet light. The wavelengths of light corresponding to resonance frequencies can provide an increased signal to noise ratio. The parallel array optical configuration can be combined with wavelengths of light corresponding to resonance frequencies in order to provide increased measurement accuracy and detection of metabolites.

The present exemplary embodiments provide a signal detection circuit and a sensor which improve a quality factor of a resonator by modeling an initial state of the resonator using an attenuator and a phase shifter which are modeling paths and significantly change a transmission coefficient of the resonator even with a small variation of an object to be measured.

Devices that includes a first portion, the first portion including at least one fluid channel; a fluid actuator; an analysis sensor disposed within the fluid channel; a conductivity sensor disposed within the fluid channel; and an introducer; a second portion, the second portion comprising: at least one well, the well containing at least one material, wherein one of the first or second portion is moveable with respect to the other, wherein the introducer is configured to obtain at least a portion of the material from the at least one well and deliver it to the fluid channel, and wherein the fluid actuator is configured to move at least a portion of the material in the fluid channel.

Devices that includes a first portion, the first portion including at least one fluid channel; a fluid actuator; an analysis sensor disposed within the fluid channel; a conductivity sensor disposed within the fluid channel; and an introducer; a second portion, the second portion comprising: at least one well, the well containing at least one material, wherein one of the first or second portion is moveable with respect to the other, wherein the introducer is configured to obtain at least a portion of the material from the at least one well and deliver it to the fluid channel, and wherein the fluid actuator is configured to move at least a portion of the material in the fluid channel.