A surface roughness Rz of an outer peripheral surface of an intermediate transfer belt is 0.05 μm or more, and toner contains toner base particles and an organosilicon polymer on the surface of the toner base particles. After residual toner on the intermediate transfer belt is collected by a blade into a belt cleaning device, the blade has a coating layer on its surface facing the intermediate transfer belt, the coating layer containing the organosilicon polymer.

A toner comprising a toner particle, wherein the toner particle comprises a binder resin, a resin A, a wax, and a fatty acid metal salt, the resin A has a substituted or unsubstituted silyl group in a molecule, and a substituent of the substituted silyl group is at least one selected from the group consisting of an alkyl group having 1 or more carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 or more carbon atoms, a hydroxy group, a halogen atom, and an aryl group having 6 or more carbon atoms.

A toner comprising a toner particle, wherein the toner particle comprises a binder resin, a resin A, and a resin B, the resin A comprises a substituted or unsubstituted silyl group in a molecule, a substituent of the substituted silyl group is at least one selected from the group consisting of an alkyl group having 1 or more carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 or more carbon atoms, a hydroxy group, a halogen atom, and an aryl group having 6 or more carbon atoms, and the resin B comprises an azo group in a molecule.

A toner containing a toner particle, wherein, when a dielectric loss tangent measured at a frequency of 10 kHz in an impedance measurement on the toner in an environment having a temperature of 50° C. and a relative humidity of 50% RH is designated by tan δ50° C.(1), and a dielectric loss tangent measured at a frequency of 10 kHz in an impedance measurement on the toner in an environment having a temperature of 30° C. and a relative humidity of 50% RH after the impedance measurement on the toner in an environment having a temperature of 50° C. and a relative humidity of 50% RH is designated by tan δ30° C.(2), tan δ50° C.(1) is from 0.015 to 0.050, the relationship tan δ50° C.(1)>tan δ30° C.(2) is satisfied, and tan δ30° C.(2)/tan δ50° C.(1) is from 0.25 to 0.66.

A toner comprising a toner particle that contains a binder resin, a resin represented by formula (1), and wax, wherein the wax contains an ester compound that exhibits a compatibility at 100° C. of at least 5.0 mass parts per 100.0 mass parts of the binder resin: wherein in formula (1), P.sup.1 represents a macromolecular segment; L.sup.1 represents a single bond or a divalent linking group; R.sup.1 to R.sup.3 each independently represent a hydrogen atom, halogen atom, alkyl group, alkoxy group, hydroxy group, or aryl group; m represents a positive integer; and when m is equal to or greater than 2, a plurality of L.sup.1's, a plurality of R.sup.1's, a plurality of R.sup.2's, and a plurality of R.sup.3's may be the same as or different from each other. ##STR00001##

A toner comprising a toner particle, wherein the toner particle includes a binder resin, where a volume resistivity Ω.Math.cm of an unfixed solid image on a recording material on which the solid image has been formed using the toner at a toner laid-on level of 0.4 mg/cm.sup.2 is denoted by Tv, and a volume resistivity Ω.Math.cm of the solid image after fixing by applying heat and pressure to the recording material is denoted by Fv, Tv/Fv≥8 is satisfied.

A toner is provided. The toner comprises colored particles and external additives present on surfaces of the colored particles. The colored particles each comprise a core and a shell layer. The core contains a crystalline resin, a non-crystalline resin, and a colorant. The shell layer contains a resin and has a thickness of from 30 to 130 nm. The external additives comprise a metal oxide and a silicon compound. An electronegativity X(A) of the metal oxide and an electronegativity X(Si) of the silicon compound satisfy a relation 0.5≤X(A)/X(Si)≤0.8. A proportion of an amount of the metal oxide directly adhered to the surfaces of the colored particles to a total amount of the metal oxide present on the colored particles is from 60% to 90% by mass.

A toner comprising a toner particle comprising a resin A, and an external additive A, wherein the resin A is a resin represented by formula (1) below, the resin A is present at the surface of the toner particle, the external additive A is a fine particle containing silicon, the average value of the shape factor SF-1 of the external additive A is from 105 to 120, the average value of the shape factor SF-2 of the external additive A is from 100 to 130. ##STR00001##

A toner containing a toner particle, wherein, when a dielectric loss tangent measured at a frequency of 10 kHz in an impedance measurement on the toner in an environment having a temperature of 50° C. and a relative humidity of 50% RH is designated by tanδ50° C.(1), and a dielectric loss tangent measured at a frequency of 10 kHz in an impedance measurement on the toner in an environment having a temperature of 30° C. and a relative humidity of 50% RH after the impedance measurement on the toner in an environment having a temperature of 50° C. and a relative humidity of 50% RH is designated by tanδ30° C.(2), tanδ50° C.(1) is from 0.015 to 0.050, the relationship tanδ50° C.(1)>tanδ30° C.(2) is satisfied, and tanδ30° C.(2)/tanδ50° C.(1) is from 0.25 to 0.66.

A process cartridge is provided, which is configured to recover, with a developing member, developer remaining on an image bearing member after transfer of a developer image to a transfer receiving member, wherein a charging member has a shaft that is conductive and an elastic layer supported on the shaft and being in contact with the image bearing member; the elastic layer has a matrix containing a first rubber, and a plurality of domains containing a second rubber and an electron-conductive agent and interspersed within the matrix. The electric resistance of the domains is lower than the electric resistance of the matrix. The matrix is exposed on an outer surface of the elastic layer and forms multiple depressed portions, and the domains include a domains exposed at a bottom section of the depressed portion.