The invention provides a process for preparing core-shell composite particles comprising a polyester, polymerized ethylenically unsaturated silane compounds, and optionally a hydrophobic surface treatment. The invention further provides a composite particle comprising a polyester and a radically polymerized ethylenically unsaturated silane compound.

A process cartridge is provided, which is configured to recover, with a developing member, developer remaining on an image bearing member after transfer of a developer image to a transfer receiving member, wherein a charging member has a shaft that is conductive and an elastic layer supported on the shaft and being in contact with the image bearing member; the elastic layer has a matrix containing a first rubber, and a plurality of domains containing a second rubber and an electron-conductive agent and interspersed within the matrix. The electric resistance of the domains is lower than the electric resistance of the matrix. The matrix is exposed on an outer surface of the elastic layer and forms multiple depressed portions, and the domains include a domains exposed at a bottom section of the depressed portion.

The invention provides a process for preparing core-shell composite particles comprising a polyester, polymerized ethylenically unsaturated silane compounds, and optionally a hydrophobic surface treatment. The invention further provides a composite particle comprising a polyester and a radically polymerized ethylenically unsaturated silane compound.

The invention provides a process for preparing core-shell composite particles comprising a polyester, polymerized ethylenically unsaturated silane compounds, and optionally a hydrophobic surface treatment. The invention further provides a composite particle comprising a polyester and a radically polymerized ethylenically unsaturated silane compound.

An electrostatic charge image developer contains toner particles, layered-compound particles that are particles of a nitrogen-containing layered compound, and a resin-coated carrier that has magnetic particles and a resin layer covering the magnetic particles. The maximum height Ry of the roughness profile as defined in JIS B0601: 1994 of the surface of the resin-coated carrier is 0.01 μm or more and 0.20 μm or less.

A toner including a parent toner particle comprising at least one resin, in combination with an optional colorant, and an optional wax; and a surface additive formulation comprising at least one medium silica surface additive; at least one large silica surface additive; at least one positive charging surface additive, wherein the at least one positive charging surface additive is (a) a titanium dioxide surface additive; and wherein the parent toner particles further contain a small silica; or (b) a non-titanium dioxide positive charging metal oxide surface additive; and wherein the parent toner particles further optionally contain a small silica; and wherein a total surface area coverage of all of the surface additives combined is 100 to 140 percent of the parent toner particle surface area.

An electrostatic charge image developer contains toner particles, layered-compound particles that are particles of a nitrogen-containing layered compound, and a resin-coated carrier that has magnetic particles and a resin layer covering the magnetic particles. The maximum height Ry of the roughness profile as defined in JIS B0601: 1994 of the surface of the resin-coated carrier is 0.01 μm or more and 0.20 μm or less.

An electrostatic image developing toner includes toner particles, an external additive A, and an external additive B. At least the external additive A is deposited on the surfaces of the toner particles. At least the external additive B is deposited on the external additive A. The external additive B includes an aggregate of two or more particles. The coverage of the toner particles with the external additive B is 3% by area or more with respect to the total surface area of the toner particles.

A toner including a parent toner particle comprising at least one resin, in combination with an optional colorant, and an optional wax; and a surface additive formulation comprising at least one medium silica surface additive; at least one large silica surface additive; at least one positive charging surface additive, wherein the at least one positive charging surface additive is (a) a titanium dioxide surface additive; and wherein the parent toner particles further contain a small silica; or (b) a non-titanium dioxide positive charging metal oxide surface additive; and wherein the parent toner particles further optionally contain a small silica; and wherein a total surface area coverage of all of the surface additives combined is 100 to 140 percent of the parent toner particle surface area.

A toner includes a toner particle containing a binder resin and an inorganic infrared absorbent particle, wherein (1) in spectrometry of a fixed image obtained by fixing an unfixed image formed on a recording material by using the toner in a loading amount of 0.30 mg/cm.sup.2, a maximum value of a light absorbance in a wavelength range of 400 nm or more and 800 nm or less is 10% or less, and (2) in cross section observation of the toner particle using a transmission electron microscope, when a circle having the center of gravity of a cross section image of the toner particle as the center thereof and having a radius of 2.0 μm is drawn and the circle is divided into four to form four quadrants, a coefficient of variation in number of the inorganic infrared absorbent particles observed in each quadrant is 0.50 or less.