Provided is a toner comprising a toner particle including a toner base particle and fine particles present on a surface of the toner base particle, wherein each of the fine particles includes a core fine particle and a condensate of at least one organosilicon compound selected from the group consisting of organosilicon compounds represented by specific structural formulas, the condensate coating the surface of the core fine particle, and in a wettability test of the toner with respect to a methanol/water mixed solvent, a methanol concentration, when a transmittance of light having a wavelength of 780 nm is 50%, is 5.0 to 20.0% by volume:

##STR00001## in above Formulas, each of R.sup.a, R.sup.b and R.sup.c independently represents an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, an acetoxy group, an acyl group, an aryl group, or a methacryloxyalkyl group, R.sup.1 to R.sup.5 each independently represents a halogen atom or an alkoxy group.

The present disclosure relates generally to a method to make a chemically prepared toner that employs a crash cooling process. In particular, the crash cooling process involves the addition of a toner slurry having a temperature between 70 C. and 90 C. to an equivalent amount of cold water having a temperature between 5 C. and 20 C. Polyester and styrene acrylic toners as well as polyester core shell toners having a borax coupling agent between the toner core and toner shell made from this cooling process results in an improvement to the amount of toner waste, thereby achieving a higher toner usage efficiency for an electrophotographic printing system.

A chemically prepared core shell toner formulation for use in electrophotography having an inventive softening agent consisting of a core shell latex having an encapsulated interpenetrating polymer network microgel in the core of the toner is disclosed. Having this core shell latex with an encapsulated IPN microgel in the core of the toner results in a toner that can simultaneously fuse at a desirable low temperature and survive the temperature extremes associated with shipping and storage.

An electrostatic latent image developing toner includes plural toner particles containing a crystalline resin, a non-crystalline resin, and a plurality of releasing agent domains. The number of releasing agent domains having a dispersion diameter of at least 50 nm and no greater than 700 nm is at least 15 and no greater than 50 per one toner particle in cross-sections of the toner particles. A total area of the releasing agent domains having a dispersion diameter of at least 50 nm and no greater than 700 nm in the cross-sections of the toner particles is at least 5% and no greater than 20% relative to an area of the cross sections of the toner particles.

A complex particle including a core particle and a shell particle, wherein the shell particle is disposed on the core particle, wherein the core particle includes an organic material or an inorganic material as a primary component and the shell particle includes the other of the organic material and the inorganic material as a primary component, wherein an average particle diameter of the core particle is greater than or equal to about 80 nanometers and less than or equal to about 300 nanometers, a coefficient of variation of an average particle diameter of the core particle is greater than or equal to about 2% and less than or equal to about 10%, an average particle diameter of the shell particle is greater than or equal to about 5 nanometers and less than or equal to about 30 nm, a ratio of the average particle diameter of the shell particle relative to the average particle diameter of the core particle is greater than or equal to about 0.016 and less than or equal to about 0.25, an average particle diameter of the complex particle is greater than or equal to about 90 nanometers and less than or equal to about 350 nanometers, a ratio of multipliers a volume resistance and a sheet resistance of the complex particle is greater than or equal to about 0.7 and less than or equal to about 1.4, wherein the ratio of multipliers is a ratio of .sub.1/.sub.2, wherein .sub.1 is an exponent in an expression of the volume resistance according to the formula .sub.v=.sub.1.Math.10.sup.1 and wherein .sub.2 is an exponent in an expression of the sheet resistance according to the formula .sub.s=.sub.2.Math.10.sup.2 and wherein a change of a number of shell particles present on the core particle before and after ultrasonic irradiation of a dispersion liquid of the complex particle including about 1 weight percent of the complex particle dispersed in water is greater than or equal to about 0.5% and less than or equal to about 5%.sub.v.sub.s.

A chemically prepared toner composition according to one example embodiment includes a core including a first polymer binder, a colorant and a release agent; a shell that is formed around the core that includes a second polymer binder; and a borax coupling agent between the core and the shell and an alkoxysilane hydrocarbon or combination of different alkoxysilane hydrocarbons that are bonded to the outer surface of the shell using a hydrolytic deposition process. This successful alkoxysilane hydrocarbon surface treatment on the outer surface of the toner particle results in attaining a desirable charge stability in hot and humid environments and ultimately improving the quality of the toner, especially by reducing toner dusting, toner fuming and ultra-fine particles generation

A method for producing core shell toner for electrophotography according to one embodiment, includes surface treating the outer surface of a core shell toner particle with a alkoxysilane hydrocarbon or combination of different alkoxysilane hydrocarbons using a hydrolytic deposition process after the core shell toner particle is fully formed. This method results in the bonding of the alkoxysilane hydrocarbon or combination of different alkoxysilane hydrocarbons to the outer surface of the core shell toner particle. In an alternative method, the outer surface of the toner is surface treated with the alkoxysilane hydrocarbon solution and then fused to form toner particles. The alkoxysilane hydrocarbon surface treated core shell toner also can be mixed with magnetic carrier beads to form a developer mix to be used in a dual component development electrophotographic printer.

A plurality of toner particles each include a toner core, a shell layer covering a surface of the toner core, and a plurality of magnetic particles penetrating the shell layer. Each of the magnetic particles has an embedded portion and a protrusion portion. The embedded portions are embedded in the surface of the toner core. The protrusion portions are located further outward than the embedded portions in a radial direction of the toner particle and protrude outward from a surface of the shell layer in the radial direction of the toner particle. An average Heywood diameter X of the magnetic particles, a shell layer thickness Y, and an average value Z of protrusion heights of the respective magnetic particles satisfy relation (1) and relation (2) shown below.
0<Z(X/2)(1)
10 nmY50 nm(2)

An electrostatic charge image developing toner set includes a white toner that includes white toner particles containing a core and a coating layer which does not contain a coloring agent and a colored toner that includes colored toner particles containing a core and a coating layer which does not contain a coloring agent, wherein with respect to a difference between an average equivalent circle diameter [Rw1] of the cores (W.sub.in) in the white toner particles and an average equivalent circle diameter [Rw2] of the white toner particles [Rw2Rw1], and a difference between the average equivalent circle diameter [Rc1] of the cores (C.sub.in) in the colored toner particles and the average equivalent circle diameter [Rc2] of the colored toner particles [Rc2Rc1], a relationship of the following Expression (1) is satisfied:

[Rw2Rw1]<[Rc2Rc1](1).

A chemically prepared core shell toner formulation for use in electrophotography having an inventive softening agent consisting of a core shell latex having an encapsulated interpenetrating polymer network microgel in the core of the toner is disclosed. Having this core shell latex with an encapsulated IPN microgel in the core of the toner results in a toner that can simultaneously fuse at a desirable low temperature and survive the temperature extremes associated with shipping and storage.