A system for diagnosing COVID-19 infection. The system includes a biosensor, an electrochemical stimulator-analyzer, and a processing unit. The biosensor is configured to be put in contact with a blood serum sample of a person suspected to be infected of COVID-19 virus. The processing unit is configured to apply an AC potential amplitude to the biosensor while sweeping a frequency range utilizing the electrochemical stimulator-analyzer, recording an electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) associated with the blood serum sample utilizing the electrochemical stimulator-analyzer, calculating a charge transfer resistance (R.sub.CT) of the recorded EIS, and detecting a COVID-19 infection of the person based on the calculated R.sub.CT if the calculated R.sub.CT is equal to or more than a threshold value.

A method for diagnosing COVID-19 infection. The method includes drawing a blood sample from a person suspected to be infected with COVID-19 virus, separating a blood serum sample from the blood sample by centrifuging the blood sample, recording an electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) associated with the blood serum sample, calculating a charge transfer resistance (R.sub.CT) of the recorded EIS by measuring a diameter of a semicircular curved part of the recorded EIS, and detecting a COVID-19 infection of the person based on the calculated R.sub.CT if the calculated R.sub.CT is equal to or more than a threshold value.

The invented organic memristor/memcapacitor device comprises arrayed cross-bar donut-shape toroidal matrix self-assembling membrane on an electrode mimicking mitochondria's double membrane surface structure and the direct electron-relay function, that used to mimic functions of Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 1 (FGFR1) and choline acetyltransferase (CHAT), which enables bio-communication signals flowing directly between the endotoxin interacted membrane electrode assembly (MEA) working electrode and a cathodic electrode; and from a biomarker Acetyl coenzyme A (AcCoA) interacted the MEA electrode and the cathodic electrode when applied a definite potential, respectively, for detection of a single E. coli cell and detection of a picomolar concentration of AcCoA under nature enzyme-free, antibody-free and reagent-free conditions. The sensor offers multiple functions for monitoring neuronal synapse pulse energy output. The robust analytical performances of the device for monitoring endotoxins in milk are important in the dairy industry.

Described herein is an amperometric biosensor, e.g., chronoamperometric biosensor for the measurement of the concentration of nicotine. Also disclosed herein is a wearable nicotine biosensor device and a biosensor that detects nicotine in smoke. The biosensor disclosed herein comprises a nicotine-catalyzing enzyme, such as NicA2 or mutant NicA2 enzymes. Also described herein are systems comprising said amperometric biosensor, e.g., chronoamperometric biosensor and methods of using said chronoamperometric biosensor.

A system for diagnosing COVID-19 infection. The system includes an electrochemical probe with three needle-shaped electrodes configured to be inserted into a sputum sample, an electrochemical stimulator-analyzer electrically connected to the electrochemical probe, a memory having processor-readable instructions stored therein, and a processor configured to access the memory and execute the processor-readable instructions to perform a method. The method includes applying a sweeping range of electrical potentials to the electrochemical probe utilizing the electrochemical stimulator-analyzer, measuring a set of generated electrical currents versus the applied sweeping range of electrical potential utilizing the electrochemical stimulator-analyzer, receiving the set of electrical currents from the electrochemical stimulator-analyzer, measuring a level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the sputum sample by measuring a current peak of the set of electrical currents, and detecting a COVID-19 infection status based on the measured level of ROS. Detecting the COVID-19 infection status includes detecting an infection with COVID-19 if the measured current peak is in a first range of current peaks and detecting a non-infection with COVID-19 if the measured current peak is in a second range of current peaks.

A monitoring apparatus for monitoring a subject (14) is disclosed. The monitoring apparatus comprises a storage device (18) for storing first skin secretion data (27) of the subject. A detection unit (12) detects a skin secretion at a skin portion of the subject and provides second skin secretion data (28) of the subject. An evaluation unit (16) evaluates the second skin secretion data and determines at least one physical parameter on the basis of the first skin secretion data and the second skin secretion data. One of the at least one physical parameter is a time value (25, 26) determinable on the basis of a difference between the first and the second skin secretion data.

Devices, methods, and kits for detecting at least two analytes present within a small volume single fluid sample obtained from patient for the creation of a multiplexed panel of the various analytes present within the single fluid sample are disclosed.

A biosensor system determines analyte concentration from analytic and/or secondary output signals. The biosensor system adjusts a correlation for determining analyte concentrations from output signals with one or more index functions extracted from the output signals. The index functions determine at least one slope deviation or normalized slope deviation from one or more error parameters. The slope-adjusted correlation between analyte concentrations and output signals may be used to determine analyte concentrations having improved accuracy and/or precision from output signals including components attributable to bias.

A system may comprise a voltage upconverter, a universal serial bus (USB) connector to receive an input voltage from a USB port on a computing device, and a microfluidic diagnostic chip communication link to electrically couple the voltage upconverter to a microfluidic diagnostic chip wherein the voltage upconverter is to convert the input voltage to be received by the USB connector to an output voltage sufficient to drive a pump on the microfluidic diagnostic chip. A diagnostic system may comprise a microfluidic diagnostic chip comprising a pump and a voltage upconverter to receive an input voltage from a universal serial bus (USB) port of a computing device and to convert the input voltage into an output voltage that powers activation of the pump.

A system for diagnosing COVID-19 infection. The system includes an electrochemical probe with three needle-shaped electrodes configured to be inserted into a sputum sample, an electrochemical stimulator-analyzer electrically connected to the electrochemical probe, a memory having processor-readable instructions stored therein, and a processor configured to access the memory and execute the processor-readable instructions to perform a method. The method includes applying a sweeping range of electrical potentials to the electrochemical probe utilizing the electrochemical stimulator-analyzer, measuring a set of generated electrical currents versus the applied sweeping range of electrical potential utilizing the electrochemical stimulator-analyzer, receiving the set of electrical currents from the electrochemical stimulator-analyzer, measuring a level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the sputum sample by measuring a current peak of the set of electrical currents, and detecting a COVID-19 infection status based on the measured level of ROS. Detecting the COVID-19 infection status includes detecting an infection with COVID-19 if the measured current peak is in a first range of current peaks and detecting a non-infection with COVID-19 if the measured current peak is in a second range of current peaks.