Provided herein are, inter alia, extracellular products (e.g., vesicles such as microvesicles, e.g., exosomes) produced by renal cells (such as bioactive renal cells, e.g., selected renal cells). Methods of altering components (such as miRNAs or proteins) of vesicles produced by cells, as well as methods of producing vesicles comprising various compounds are also included. Also provided are diagnostic and treatment methods.

The present application provides, in some aspects, methods of identifying a stimulus for a condensate modulatory characteristic for one or more condensate types, such as to identify a selective condensate modulator. In other aspects, also provided herein are kits and systems.

The present invention provides a method of recovering an extracellular vesicle from an extracellular vesicle-containing sample. More specifically, the present invention provides a method of recovering the extracellular vesicle that includes separating the extracellular vesicle from the extracellular vesicle-containing sample in the presence of a polymer.

Systems, methods, and devices are described herein for detecting and/or monitoring target extracellular vesicles (EVs), e.g., to detect and/or monitor cancer treatment, such as breast cancer, in a subject. The methods can include obtaining a nano-plasmonic array including nanostructures configured to amplify one or more specific wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation, flowing a liquid sample over the nano-plasmonic array, optionally labeling target EVs captured on the nano-plasmonic array with one or more reporter groups, projecting electromagnetic radiation onto the labeled target EVs captured on the nano-plasmonic array, and capturing an image of the target EVs by receiving electromagnetic radiation emitted, scattered, or reflected by the labeled target EVs or by reporter groups on the labeled target EVs.

The current disclosure provides for novel therapeutic methods by identifying patient populations that may be treated effectively by immunotherapies. It was found that responders of immunotherapeutic treatments have a higher amount of B-cell exosomes in their blood than non-responders. Aspects of the disclosure relate to a method of treating cancer in a subject comprising administering to the subject immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy after B-cell exosomes have been detected in a biological sample from the subject.